the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及16嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
Just so。 And they are not to be blamed if they pressed first and most
earnestly reforms which they knew by painful experience to be necessary。
All reformers are wont thus to begin at home。 It is to their honour if�察�not
content with shaking off their own fetters�察�they begin to see that others are
fettered likewise�察 �and�察 �reasoning from the particular to the universal�察 �to
learn that their own cause is the cause of mankind。 There is�察�therefore�察�
no reason to doubt that these men were honest�察�when they said that they
were combating�察�not in their own cause merely�察�but in that of humanity�察�
and that the Church was combating in her own cause�察 �and that of her
power and privilege。 The Church replied that she�察 �too�察 �was combating
for humanity�察�for its moral and eternal well´being。 But that is just what
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the philosophes denied。 They said ��and it is but fair to take a statement
which appears on the face of all their writings�察�which is the one key´note
on which they ring perpetual changes���察 �that the cause of the Church in
France was not that of humanity�察�but of inhumanity�察�not that of nature�察�but
of unnature�察 �not even that of grace�察 �but of disgrace。 Truely or falsely�察�
they complained that the French clergy had not only identified themselves
with the repression of free thought�察�and of physical science�察�especially that
of the Newtonian astronomy�察�but that they had proved themselves utterly
unfit�察 �for centuries past�察 �to exercise any censorship whatsoever over the
thoughts of men�此 �that they had identified themselves with the cause of
darkness�察�not of light�察�with persecution and torture�察�with the dragonnades
of Louis XIV。�察 �with the murder of Calas and of Urban Grandier�察 �with
celibacy�察 �hysteria�察 �demonology�察 �witchcraft�察 �and the shameful public
scandals�察 �like those of Gauffredi�察 �Grandier�察 �and Pere Giraud�察 �which had
arisen out of mental disease�察�with forms of worship which seemed to them
��rightly or wrongly�� idolatry�察�and miracles which seemed to them ��rightly
or wrongly�� impostures�察 �that the clergy interfered perpetually with the
sanctity of family life�察�as well as with the welfare of the state�察�that their
evil counsels�察�and specially those of the Jesuits�察�had been patent and potent
causes of much of the misrule and misery of Louis XIV。's and XV。's reigns�察�
and that with all these heavy counts against them�察�their morality was not
such as to make other men more moral�察�and was notat least among the
hierarchyimproving�察�or likely to improve。 To a Mazarin�察�a De Retz�察�a
Richelieu ��questionable men enough�� had succeeded a Dubois�察�a Rohan�察�a
Lomenie de Brienne�察�a Maury�察�a Talleyrand�察�and at the revolution of 1789
thoughtful Frenchmen asked�察�once and for all�察�what was to be done with a
Church of which these were the hierophants�拭�
Whether these complaints affected the French Church as a ;religious;
institution�察�must depend entirely on the meaning which is attached to the
word ;religion;�此 �that they affected her on scientific�察�rational�察�and moral
grounds�察�independent of any merely political one�察�is as patent as that the
attack based on them was one´sided�察 �virulent�察 �and often somewhat
hypocritical�察 �considering the private morals of many of the assailants。
We knowor ought to knowthat within that religion which seemed to the
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philosophes ��so distorted and defaced had it become�� a nightmare dream�察�
crushing the life out of mankind�察 �there lie elements divine�察 �eternal�察�
necessary for man in this life and the life to come。 But we are bound to
askHad they a fair chance of knowing what we know�拭 �Have we proof
that their hatred was against all religion�察�or only against that which they
saw around them�拭 �Have we proof that they would have equally hated�察�
had they been in permanent contact with them�察 �creeds more free from
certain faults which seemed to them�察 �in the case of the French Church�察�
ineradicable and inexpiable�拭 �Till then we must have charitywhich is
justiceeven for the philosophes of the eighteenth century。
This view of the case had been surely overlooked by M。 de
Tocqueville�察�when he tried to explain by the fear of revolutions�察�the fact
that both in America and in England�察 �while the boldest political doctrines
of the eighteenth´century philosophers have been adopted�察 �their anti´
religious doctrines have made no way。;
He confesses that�察 �Among the English�察�French irreligious philosophy
had been preached�察�even before the greater part of the French philosophers
were born。 It was Bolingbroke who set up Voltaire。 Throughout the
eighteenth century infidelity had celebrated champions in England。 Able
writers and profound thinkers espoused that cause�察 �but they were never
able to render it triumphant as in France。; Of these facts there can be no
doubt�此 �but the cause which he gives for the failure of infidelity will
surely sound new and strange to those who know the English literature and
history of that century。 It was�察�he says�察 �inasmuch as all those who had
anything to fear from revolutions�察 �eagerly came to the rescue of the
established faith。; Surely there was no talk of revolutions�察 �no wish�察�
expressed or concealed�察�to overthrow either government or society�察�in the
aristocratic clique to whom English infidelity was confined。 Such was�察�at
least�察 �the opinion of Voltaire�察 �who boasted that ;All the works of the
modern philosophers together would never make as much noise in the
world as was made in former days by the disputes of the Cordeliers about
the shape of their sleeves and hoods。; If ��as M。 de Tocqueville says��
Bolingbroke set up Voltaire�察�neither master nor pupil had any more leaning
than Hobbes had toward a democracy which was not dreaded in those days
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because it had never been heard of。 And if ��as M。 de Tocqueville heartily
allows�� the English apologists of Christianity triumphed�察 �at least for the
time being�察�the cause of their triumph must be sought in the plain fact that
such men as Berkeley�察 �Butler�察 �and Paley�察 �each according to his light�察�
fought the battle fairly�察�on the common ground of reason and philosophy�察�
instead of on that of tradition and authority�察 �and that the forms of
Christianity current in Englandwhether Quaker�察 �Puritan�察 �or Anglican
offended�察 �less than that current in France�察 �the common´sense and the
human instincts of the many�察�or of the sceptics themselves。�А�
But the eighteenth century saw another movement�察 �all the more
powerful�察�perhaps�察�because it was continually changing its shape�察�even its
purpose�察 �and gaining fresh life and fresh adherents with every change。
Propagated at first by men of the school of Locke�察 �it became at last a
protest against the materialism of that school�察�on behalf of all that is�察�or
calls itself�察 �supernatural and mysterious。 Abjuring�察 �and honestly�察 �all
politics�察�it found itself sucked into the political whirlpool in spite of itself�察�
as all human interests which have any life in them must be at last。 It
became an active promoter of the Revolution�察�then it helped to destroy the
Revolution�察�when that had�察�under Napoleon�察�become a levelling despotism�察�
then it helped�察�as actively�察�to keep revolutionary principles alive�察�after the
reaction of 1815��a Protean institution�察�whose power we in England are as
apt to undervalue as the governments of the Continent were apt�察�during the
eighteenth century�察�to exaggerate it。 I mean�察�of course�察�Freemasonry�察�and
the secret societies which�察 �honestly and honourably disowned by
Freemasonry�察 �yet have either copied it�察�or actually sprung out of it。 In
England�察 �Freemasonry never was�察 �it seems�察 �more than a liberal and
respectable benefit´club�察 �for secret societies are needless for any further
purposes�察 �amid free institutions and a free press。 But on the Continent
during the eighteenth century�察 �Freemasonry excited profound suspicion
and fear on the part of statesmen who knew perfectly well their friends
from their foes�察 �and whose precautions were�察 �from their point of view�察�
justified by the results。
I shall not enter into the deep question of the origin of Freemasonry。
One uninitiate�察 �as I am�察 �has no right to give an opinion on the great
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questions of the mediaeval lodge of Kilwinning and its Scotch degrees�察�on
the seven Templars�察 �who�察 �after poor Jacques Molay was burnt at Paris�察�
took refuge on the Isle of Mull�察�in Scotland�察�found there another Templar
and brother Mason�察�ominously named Harris�察�took to the trowel in earnest�察�
and revived the Order��on the Masons who built Magdeburg Cathedral in
876�察�on the English Masons assembled in Pagan times by ;St。 Albone�察�that
worthy knight�察─ �on the revival of English Masonry by Edwin�察 �son of
Athelstan�察�on Magnus Grecus�察�who had been at the building of Solomon's
Temple�察�and taught Masonry to Charles Martel�察�on the pillars Jachin and
Boaz�察�on the masonry of Hiram of Tyre�察�and indeed of Adam himself�察�of
whose first fig´leaf the masonic apron may be a typeon all these matters
I dare no more decide than on the making of the Trojan Horse�察�the birth of
Romulus and Remus