criminal psychology-第23章

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＇1＇　L。　P。　Gratiolet：　De　la　Physiognomie　et　des　Mouvements　d'Expression。　Paris　1865。

　the　further　study　of　different　kinds　of　people　is　no　longer　difficult；　there　is　only　the　intentional　and　customary　masking　of　expression　to　look　out　for；　for　the　rest；　the　already　acquired　principles；　mutandis　mutatis；　are　to　be　used。

Darwin　posits　three　general　principles　on　which　most　expressions　and　gestures　are　to　be　explained。　They　are　briefly：

I。　The　principle　of　purposeful　associated　habits。

II。　The　principle　of　contradication。

III。　The　principle　of　the　direct　activity　of　the　nervous　system。

With　regard　to　the　first。　When；　in　the　course　of　a　long　series　of　generations；　any　desire；　experience；　or　disinclination；　etc。；　has　led　to　some　voluntary　action；　then；　as　often　as　the　same　or　any　analogous　associated　experience　is　undergone；　there　will　arise　a　tendency　to　the　realization　of　a　similar　action。　This　action　may　no　longer　have　any　use　but　is　inherited　and　generally　becomes　a　mere　reflex。

This　becomes　clearer　when　one　notices　how　often　habit　facilitates　very　complex　action：the　habits　of　animals；　the　high　steps　of　horses；　the　pointing　of　pointers；　the　sucking　of　calves；　etc。　It　is　difficult　for　us　in　falling　to　make　opposite　movements　to　stretching　out　the　arms；　even　in　bed；　we　draw　on　our　gloves　unconsciously。　Gratiolet　says：　‘‘Whoever　energetically　denies　some　point；　etc。；　shuts　his　eyes；　if　he　assents　he　nods　and　opens　his　eyes　wide。　Whoever　describes　a　terrible　thing　shuts　his　eyes　and　shakes　his　head；　whoever　looks　closely　raises　his　eye…brows。　In　the　attempt　to　think　the　same　thing　is　done　or　the　eye…brows　are　contracted　both　make　the　glance　keener。　Thence　follows　the　reflex　activity。''

With　regard　to　the　second。　Dogs　who　are　quarrelling　with　cats　assume　the　appearance　of　battleif　they　are　kindly…minded　they　do　the　opposite；　although　this　serves　no　purpose。　M。　Taylor＇1＇　says；　that　the　gesture　language　of　the　Cistercians　depends　considerably　on　antithesis；　e。　g。；　shrugging　the　shoulders　is　the　opposite　of　firmness；　immovability。

With　regard　to　the　direct　activity　of　the　nervous　system；　examples　are　paling；　trembling　（fear；　terror；　pain；　cold；　fever；　horror；　joy）；　palpitation　of　the　heart；　blushing；　perspiring；　exertion　of　strength；　tears；　pulling　the　hair；　urinating；　etc。　With　these　subdivisions　it　will　be　possible　to　find　some　thoroughfare　and　to　classify　every　phenomenon。

We　want　to　discuss　a　few　more　particulars　in　the　light　of　Darwin's

＇1＇　Taylor：　Early　History　of　Mankind。

　examples。　He　warns　us；　first　of　all；　against　seeing＇1＇　certain　muscle　movements　as　the　result　of　emotional　excitement；　because　they　were　looked　for。　There　are　countless　habits；　especially　among　the　movements　of　the　features；　which　happen　accidentally　or　as　the　result　of　some　passing　pain　and　which　have　no　significance。　Such　movements　are　often　of　the　greatest　clearness；　and　do　not　permit　the　unexperienced　observer　to　doubt　that　they　have　important　meanings；　although　they　have　no　relation　whatever　to　any　emotional　condition。　Even　if　it　is　agreed　only　to　depend　on　changes　of　the　whole　face；　already　established　as　having　a　definite　meaning；　there　is　still　danger　of　making　mistakes；　because　well　accredited　facial　conditions　may　occur　in　another　way　（as　matters　of　habit；　nervous　disturbances；　wounds；　etc。）。　Hence　in　this　matter；　too；　care　and　attention　are　required；　for　if　we　make　use　of　any　one　of　the　Darwinian　norms；　as；　for　example；　that　the　eyes　are　closed　when　we　do　not　want　to　see　a　thing　or　when　we　dislike　it；　we　still　must　grant　that　there　are　people　to　whom　it　has　become　habitual　to　close　their　eyes　under　other　and　even　opposed　conditions。

We　must　grant　that；　with　the　exception　of　such　cases；　the　phenomena　are　significant　during　examinations；　as　when　we　show　the　accused　a　very　effective　piece　of　evidence；　（e。　g。：　a　comparison　of　hand…writings　which　is　evidential；）　and　he　closes　his　eyes。　The　act　is　then　characteristic　and　of　importance；　particularly　when　his　words　are　intended　to　contest　the　meaning　of　the　object　in　question。　The　contradiction　between　the　movement　of　his　eyes　and　his　words　is　then　suggestive　enough。　The　same　occurs　when　the　accused　is　shown　the　various　possibilities　that　lie　before　himthe　movement　of　the　examination；　the　correlations　and　consequences。　If　he　finds　them　dangerous；　he　closes　his　eyes。　So　with　witnesses　also；　when　one　of　them；　e。　g。；　deposes　to　more；　and　more　harmfully；　than　according　to　our　own　notion　he　can　explain；　he　will　close　his　eyes；　though　perhaps　for　an　instant　only；　if　the　inevitable　consequences　of　his　deposition　are　expounded　to　him。　If　he　closes　his　eyes　he　has　probably　said　too　much；　and　the　proper　moment　must　not　be　missed　to　appeal　to　his　conscience　and　to　prevent　more　exaggerated　and　irresponsible　assertions。

This　form　of　closing　the　eyes　is　not　to　be　confused　with　the　performances　of　persons　who　want　to　understand　the　importance　of　their　depositions　and　to　collect　their　senses；　or　who　desire　to　review

＇1＇　J。　Reid：　The　Muscular　Sense。　Journal　of　Mental　Science；　XLVII；　510。

　the　story　mentally　and　consider　its　certainty。　These　two　forms　of　closing　the　eyes　are　different：　the　first；　which　wants　to　shut　out　the　consequences　of　testimony；　is　much　shorter；　the　latter　longer；　because　it　requires　a　good　deal　of　time　to　collect　one's　senses　and　to　consider　a　problem。　The　first；　moreover；　is　accompanied　by　a　perceivable　expression　of　fear；　while　the　latter　is　manifest　only　by　its　duration；　what　is　most　important　is　a　characteristic　contemporary　and　perceivable　defensive　movement　of　the　hand；　and　this　occurs　only　in　the　cases　where　the　desire　is　to　exclude。　This　movement　occurs　even　among　very　phlegmatic　persons；　and　hence　is　comparatively　reliable；　it　is　not　made　by　people　who　want　undisturbedly　to　study　a　question　and　to　that　end　shut　their　eyes。

In　a　similar　way　there　is　significance　in　the　sudden　closing　of　the　mouth　by　either　the　accused　or　the　witness。　Resolution　and　the　shutting　of　the　mouth　are　inseparable；　it　is　as　impossible　to　imagine　a　vacillating；　doubting　person　with　lips　closely　pressed　together；　as　a　firm　and　resolute　person　with　open　mouth。　The　reason　implies　Darwin's　first　law：　that　of　purposeful　associated　habits。　When　a　man　firmly　resolves　upon　some　deed　the　resolution　begins　immediately　to　express　itself　in　movements　which　are　closely　dependent　upon　bodily　actions。　Even　when　I　suddenly　resolve　to　face　some　correctly…　supposed　disagreeable　matter；　or　to　think　about　some　joyless　thing；　a　bodily　movement；　and　indeed　quite　an　energetic　one；　will　ensue　upon　the　resolutionI　may　push　my　chair　back；　raise　my　elbows；　perhaps　put　my　head　quickly　between　my　hands；　push　the　chair　back　again；　and　then　begin　to　look　or　to　think。　Such　actions；　however；　require　comparatively　little　bodily　exertion；　much　more　follows　on　different　types　of　resolutionsin　short；　a　firm　resolution　requires　a　series　of　movements　immediately　to　follow　its　being　made。　And　if　we　are　to　move　the　muscles　must　be　contracted。　And　it　is；　of　course；　obvious　that　only　those　muscles　can　be　set　in　action　which　are；　according　to　the　immediate　situation　of　the　body；　free　to　move。　If　we　are　sitting　down；　for　example；　we　can　not　easily　make　our　feet　conform　to　the　movement　of　a　march　forward；　nor　can　we　do　much　with　the　thighs；　hence　the　only　muscles　we　can　use　are　those　of　the　face　and　of　the　upper　limbs。　So　then；　the　mouth　is　closed　because　its　muscles　are　contracted；　and　with　equal　significance　the　arms　are　thrust　outward　sharply；　the　fist　clenched；　and　the　fore…arm　bent。　Anybody　may　try　the　experiment　for　himself　by　going　through　the　actions　enumerated　and　seeing　whether　he　does　not　become　filled　　with　a　sense　of　resolution。　It　is　to　be　especially　observed；　as　has　already　been　indicated；　that　not　only　are　mental　states　succeeded　by　external　movements；　but　imitated　external　movements　of　any　kind　awaken；　or　at　least　plainly　suggest；　their　correlated　mental　states。

If；　then；　we　observe　in　any　person　before　us　the　signs　of　resolution　we　may　certainly　suppose　that　they　indicate　a　turn　in　what　he　has　said　and　what　he　is　going　to　say。　If　they　be　observed　in　the　accused；　then　he　has　certainly　resolved　to　pass　from　denial　to　confession；　or　to　stick　to　his　denial；　or　to　confess　or　keep　back　the　names　of　his　accomplices；　the　rendezvous；　etc。　Inasmuch　as　in　action　there　is　no　other　alternative　than　saying　or　not　saying　so；　it　might　be　supposed　that　there　is　nothing　important　in　the　foregoing　statement；　the　point　of　importance　lies；　however；　in　the　fact　that　a　_*definite_　resolution　has　been　reached　of　which　the　court　is　aware　and　from　which　a　departure　will　hardly　be　made。　Therefore；　what　follows　upon　the　resolution　so　betrayed；　we　cannot　properly　perceive；　we　know　only　that　it　in　all　likelihood　consists　of　what　succeeds　it；　i。　e。　the　accused　either　confesses　to　something；　or　has　resolved　to　say　nothing。　And　that　observation　saves　us　additional　labor；　for　he　will　not　easily　depart　from　his　resolution。

The　case　is　analogous　with　regard　to　the　witness　who　tells　no　truth　or　only　a　part　of　the　truth。　He　reveals　the　marks　of　resolution　upon　deciding　finally　to　tell　the　truth　or　to　persist　in　his　lying；　and　so；　whatever　he　does　after　the　marks　of　resolution　are　noted；　we　are　saved　unnecessary　effort　to　make　the　man　speak　one　way　or　another。

It　is　particularly　interesting　to　watch　for　such　expressions　of　resolution　in　jurymen；　especially　when　the　decision　of　guilt　or　innocence　is　as　difficult　as　it　is　full　of　serious　consequences。　This　happens　not　rarely　and　means　that　the　juryman　observed　is　clear　in　his　own　mind　as　to　how　he　is　going　to　vote。　Whatever　testimony　may　succeed　this　resolution　is　then　indifferent。　The　resolved　juryman　is　so　much　the　less　to　be　converted；　as　he　usually　either　pays　no　more　attention　to　the　subsequent　testimony；　or　hears　it　in　such　prejudiced　fashion　that　he　sees　everything　in　his　own　way。　In　this　case；　however；　it　is　not　difficult　to　tell　what　the　person　in　question　has　decided　upon。　If　the　action　we　now　know　follows　a　very　damaging　piece　of　testimony；　the　defendant　is　condemned　thereby；　if　it　follows　excusive　testimony　he　is　declared　innocent。　Anybody　who　studies　the　matter　may　observe　that　these　manifestations　are　　made　by　a　very　large　number　of　jurymen　with　sufficient　clearness　to　make　it　possible　to　count　the　votes　and　predict　the　verdict。　I　remember　vividly　in　this　regard　a　case　that　occurred　many　years　ago。　Three　men；　a　peasant　and　his　two　sons；　were　accused　of　having　killed　an　imbecile　who　was　supposed　to　have　boarded　in　their　house。　The　jury　unanimously　declared　them　guiltless；　really　because　of　failure；　in　spite　of　much　effort；　to　find　the　body　of　the　victim。　Later　a　new　witness　appeared；　the　case　was　taken　up　again；　and　about　a　year　after　the　first　trial；　a　second　took　place。　The　trial　consumed　a　good　many　days；　in　which　the　three　defendants　received　a　flood　of　anonymous　letters　which　called　attention　mostly　to　the　fact　that　there　was　in　such　and　such　a　place　an　unknown　imbecile　woman　who　might　be　identical　with　the　ostensible　murdered　person。　For　that　reason　the　defendant　appealed　for　a　postponement　of　the　trial　or　immediate　liberation。　The　prosecutor　of　the