seven discourses on art(艺术七讲座)-第4章
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erroneous； supplies what is scanty； and adds by his own observation what
the industry of his predecessors may have yet left wanting to perfection。
Having well established his judgment； and stored his memory； he may
now without fear try the power of his imagination。 The mind that has
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been thus disciplined may be indulged in the warmest enthusiasm； and
venture to play on the borders of the wildest extravagance。 The habitual
dignity； which long converse with the greatest minds has imparted to him；
will display itself in all his attempts； and he will stand among his
instructors； not as an imitator； but a rival。
These are the different stages of the art。 But as I now address myself
particularly to those students who have been this day rewarded for their
happy passage through the first period； I can with no propriety suppose
they want any help in the initiatory studies。 My present design is to
direct your view to distant excellence； and to show you the readiest path
that leads to it。 Of this I shall speak with such latitude as may leave the
province of the professor uninvaded； and shall not anticipate those
precepts which it is his business to give and your duty to understand。
It is indisputably evident that a great part of every man's life must be
employed in collecting materials for the exercise of genius。 Invention；
strictly speaking； is little more than a new combination of those images
which have been previously gathered and deposited in the memory。
Nothing can come of nothing。 He who has laid up no materials can
produce no combinations。
A student unacquainted with the attempts of former adventurers is
always apt to overrate his own abilities； to mistake the most trifling
excursions for discoveries of moment； and every coast new to him for a
new…found country。 If by chance he passes beyond his usual limits； he
congratulates his own arrival at those regions which they who have steered
a better course have long left behind them。
The productions of such minds are seldom distinguished by an air of
originality： they are anticipated in their happiest efforts； and if they are
found to differ in anything from their predecessors； it is only in irregular
sallies and trifling conceits。 The more extensive therefore your
acquaintance is with the works of those who have excelled the more
extensive will be your powers of invention； and what may appear still
more like a paradox； the more original will be your conceptions。 But the
difficulty on this occasion is to determine who ought to be proposed as
models of excellence； and who ought to be considered as the properest
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guides。
To a young man just arrived in Italy； many of the present painters of
that country are ready enough to obtrude their precepts； and to offer their
own performances as examples of that perfection which they affect to
recommend。 The modern； however； who recommends HIMSELF as a
standard； may justly be suspected as ignorant of the true end； and
unacquainted with the proper object of the art which he professes。 To
follow such a guide will not only retard the student； but mislead him。
On whom； then； can he rely； or who shall show him the path that leads
to excellence？ The answer is obvious： Those great masters who have
travelled the same road with success are the most likely to conduct others。
The works of those who have stood the test of ages have a claim to that
respect and veneration to which no modern can pretend。 The duration
and stability of their fame is sufficient to evince that it has not been
suspended upon the slender thread of fashion and caprice； but bound to the
human heart by every tie of sympathetic approbation。
There is no danger of studying too much the works of those great men；
but how they may be studied to advantage is an inquiry of great
importance。
Some who have never raised their minds to the consideration of the
real dignity of the art； and who rate the works of an artist in proportion as
they excel； or are defective in the mechanical parts； look on theory as
something that may enable them to talk but not to paint better； and
confining themselves entirely to mechanical practice； very assiduously toil
on in the drudgery of copying； and think they make a rapid progress while
they faithfully exhibit the minutest part of a favourite picture。 This
appears to me a very tedious； and I think a very erroneous； method of
proceeding。 Of every large composition； even of those which are most
admired； a great part may be truly said to be common…place。 This；
though it takes up much time in copying； conduces little to improvement。
I consider general copying as a delusive kind of industry； the student
satisfies himself with the appearance of doing something； he falls into the
dangerous habit of imitating without selecting； and of labouring without
any determinate object； as it requires no effort of the mind； he sleeps over
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his work； and those powers of invention and composition which ought
particularly to be called out and put in action lie torpid； and lose their
energy for want of exercise。
It is an observation that all must have made； how incapable those are
of producing anything of their own who have spent much of their time in
making finished copies。
To suppose that the complication of powers； and variety of ideas
necessary to that mind which aspires to the first honours ill the art of
painting； can be obtained by the frigid contemplation of a few single
models； is no less absurd than it would be in him who wishes to be a poet
to imagine that by translating a tragedy he can acquire to himself sufficient
knowledge of the appearances of nature； the operations of the passions；
and the incidents of life。
The great use in copying； if it be at all useful； should seem to be in
learning to colour； yet even colouring will never be perfectly attained by
servilely copying the mould before you。 An eye critically nice can only
be formed by observing well…coloured pictures with attention： and by
close inspection； and minute examination you will discover； at last； the
manner of handling； the artifices of contrast； glazing； and other expedients；
by which good colourists have raised the value of their tints； and by which
nature has been so happily imitated。
I must inform you； however； that old pictures deservedly celebrated for
their colouring are often so changed by dirt and varnish； that we ought not
to wonder if they do not appear equal to their reputation in the eyes of
unexperienced painters； or young students。 An artist whose judgment is
matured by long observation； considers rather what the picture once was；
than what it is at present。 He has acquired a power by habit of seeing the
brilliancy of tints through the cloud by which it is obscured。 An exact
imitation； therefore； of those pictures； is likely to fill the student's mind
with false opinions； and to send him back a colourist of his own formation；
with ideas equally remote from nature and from art； from the genuine
practice of the masters and the real appearances of things。
Following these rules； and using these precautions； when you have
clearly and distinctly learned in what good colouring consists； you cannot
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do better than have recourse to nature herself； who is always at hand； and
in comparison of whose true splendour the best coloured pictures are but
faint and feeble。
However； as the practice of copying is not entirely to be excluded；
since the mechanical practice of painting is learned in some measure by it；
let those choice parts only be selected which have recommended the work
to notice。 If its excellence consists in its general effect； it would be
proper to make slight sketches of the machinery and general management
of the picture。 Those sketches should be kept always by you for the
regulation of your style。 Instead of copying the touches of those great
masters； copy only their conceptions。 Instead of treading in their
footsteps； endeavour only to keep the same road。 Labour to invent on
their general principles and way of thinking。 Possess yourself with their
spirit。 Consider with yourself how a Michael Angelo or a Raffaelle
would have treated this subject： and work yourself into a belief that your
picture is to be seen and criticised by them when completed。 Even an
attempt of this kind will rouse your powers。
But as mere enthusiasm will carry you but a little way； let me
recommend a practice that may be equivalent； and will perhaps more
efficaciously contribute to your advancement； than even the verbal
corrections of those masters themselves； could they be obtained。 What I
would propose is； that you should enter into a kind of
