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down      the   showers�察   �all  vainly    thou   shalt   eye�察  �Alack�    �thy   neighbour's 

heaped´up harvest´mow�察�And in   the   greenwood from  a shaken oak   Seek 

solace     for  thine   hunger。                                         Now      to  tell  The 

sturdy   rustics'   weapons�察  �what   they   are�察  �Without   which�察  �neither   can   be 

sown   nor   reared   The   fruits   of   harvest�察  �first   the   bent   plough's   share And 

heavy      timber�察  �and    slow´lumbering        wains     Of   the   Eleusinian     mother�察�

threshing´sleighs And drags�察�and harrows with their crushing weight�察�Then 

the   cheap   wicker´ware   of   Celeus   old�察 �Hurdles   of   arbute�察  �and   thy  mystic 

fan�察�Iacchus�察�which�察�full tale�察�long ere the time Thou must with heed lay 



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by�察�if thee await Not all   unearned the country's crown divine。 While   yet 

within the woods�察�the elm is tamed And bowed with mighty force to form 

the stock�察�And take the plough's curved shape�察�then nigh the root A pole 

eight feet projecting�察�earth´boards twain�察�And share´beam with its double 

back they fix。 For yoke is early hewn a linden light�察�And a tall beech for 

handle�察  �from   behind   To   turn   the   car   at   lowest�此  �then   o'er   the   hearth   The 

wood they hang till the smoke knows it well。                 Many the precepts of the 

men of old I can recount thee�察�so thou start not back�察�And such slight cares 

to learn not weary thee。 And this among the first�此�thy threshing´floor With 

ponderous   roller   must   be   levelled   smooth�察  �And   wrought   by   hand�察  �and 

fixed with binding chalk�察�Lest weeds arise�察�or dust a passage win Splitting 

the surface�察�then a thousand plagues Make sport of it�此�oft builds the tiny 

mouse Her home�察�and plants her granary�察�underground�察�Or burrow for their 

bed the purblind moles�察�Or toad is found in hollows�察�and all the swarm Of 

earth's unsightly creatures�察�or a huge Corn´heap the weevil plunders�察�and 

the   ant�察  �Fearful   of   coming   age   and   penury。    Mark   too�察  �what   time   the 

walnut in the   woods With   ample   bloom shall   clothe   her�察�and bow  down 

Her odorous branches�察�if the fruit prevail�察�Like store of grain will follow�察�

and there shall come A mighty winnowing´time with mighty heat�察�But if 

the shade with wealth of leaves abound�察�Vainly your threshing´floor will 

bruise the stalks Rich but in chaff。 Many myself have seen Steep�察�as they 

sow�察�their pulse´seeds�察�drenching them With nitre and black oil´lees�察�that 

the fruit Might swell within the treacherous pods�察�and they Make speed to 

boil at howso small a fire。 Yet�察�culled with caution�察�proved with patient toil�察�

These have I seen degenerate�察�did not man Put forth his hand with power�察�

and year by year Choose out the largest。 So�察�by fate impelled�察�Speed all 

things to the worse�察�and backward borne Glide from us�察�even as who with 

struggling oars Up stream scarce pulls a shallop�察�if he chance His arms to 

slacken�察    �lo�  �with   headlong      force   The   current    sweeps    him    down     the 

hurrying   tide。      Us   too   behoves   Arcturus'   sign   observe�察  �And   the   Kids' 

seasons   and   the   shining   Snake�察  �No   less   than   those   who   o'er   the   windy 

main     Borne    homeward       tempt   the   Pontic�察  �and   the  jaws    Of   oyster´rife 

Abydos。   When   the   Scales   Now   poising   fair   the   hours   of   sleep   and   day 

Give half the world to sunshine�察�half to shade�察�Then urge your bulls�察�my 



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masters�察  �sow   the   plain   Even   to   the   verge   of   tameless   winter's   showers 

With   barley�此  �then�察  �too�察  �time   it   is   to   hide Your   flax   in   earth�察  �and   poppy�察�

Ceres' joy�察�Aye�察�more than time to bend above the plough�察�While earth�察�yet 

dry�察�forbids not�察�and the clouds Are buoyant。 With the spring comes bean´ 

sowing�察  �Thee�察  �too�察  �Lucerne�察  �the   crumbling   furrows   then   Receive�察  �and 

millet's annual care returns�察�What time the white bull with his gilded horns 

Opens the year�察�before whose threatening front�察�Routed the dog´star sinks。 

But if it be For wheaten harvest and the hardy spelt�察�Thou tax the soil�察�to 

corn´ears wholly given�察�Let Atlas' daughters hide them in the dawn�察�The 

Cretan star�察�a crown of fire�察�depart�察�Or e'er the furrow's claim of seed thou 

quit�察�Or haste thee to entrust the whole year's hope To earth that would not。 

Many have begun Ere Maia's star be setting�察�these�察�I trow�察�Their looked´ 

for harvest fools with empty ears。 But if the vetch and common kidney´ 

bean Thou'rt   fain   to   sow�察  �nor  scorn   to   make   thy   care   Pelusiac   lentil�察  �no 

uncertain sign Bootes' fall will send thee�察�then begin�察�Pursue thy sowing 

till half   the   frosts   be   done。   Therefore it   is the   golden   sun�察 �his   course 

Into fixed parts dividing�察�rules his way Through the twelve constellations 

of the world。 Five zones the heavens contain�察�whereof is one Aye red with 

flashing sunlight�察�fervent aye From fire�察�on either side to left and right Are 

traced   the   utmost   twain�察  �stiff   with   blue   ice�察  �And   black   with   scowling 

storm´clouds�察�and   betwixt These and the   midmost�察�other   twain there   lie�察�

By the Gods' grace to heart´sick mortals given�察�And a path cleft between 

them�察�where might wheel On sloping plane the system of the Signs。 And 

as    toward    Scythia    and    Rhipaean     heights    The    world    mounts     upward�察�

likewise sinks it down Toward Libya and the south�察�this pole of ours Still 

towering high�察�that other�察�'neath their feet�察�By dark Styx frowned on�察�and 

the abysmal shades。 Here glides the huge Snake forth with sinuous coils 

'Twixt the two Bears and round them river´wise´ The Bears that fear 'neath 

Ocean's brim to dip。 There either�察�say they�察�reigns the eternal hush Of night 

that   knows   no   seasons�察  �her   black   pall   Thick´mantling   fold   on   fold�察  �or 

thitherward From us returning Dawn brings back the day�察�And when the 

first breath of   his   panting steeds   On us the   Orient   flings�察 �that hour   with 

them  Red Vesper   'gins   to   trim   his   his   'lated   fires。   Hence   under   doubtful 

skies forebode we can The coming tempests�察�hence both harvest´day And 



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seed´time�察  �when   to   smite   the   treacherous   main   With   driving   oars�察  �when 

launch the fair´rigged fleet�察�Or in ripe hour to fell the forest´pine。 Hence�察�

too�察�not idly do we watch the stars´ Their rising and their setting´and the 

year�察�Four varying seasons to one law conformed。                     If chilly showers e'er 

shut the farmer's door�察�Much that had soon with sunshine cried for haste�察�

He   may   forestall�察  �the   ploughman   batters   keen   His   blunted   share's   hard 

tooth�察�scoops from a tree His troughs�察�or on the cattle stamps a brand�察�Or 

numbers on the corn´heaps�察�some make sharp The stakes and two´pronged 

forks�察 �and   willow´bands Amerian   for  the  bending vine   prepare。  Now   let 

the pliant basket plaited be Of bramble´twigs�察�now set your corn to parch 

Before the fire�察�now bruise it with the stone。 Nay even on holy days some 

tasks to ply Is right and lawful�此�this no ban forbids�察�To turn the runnel's 

course�察�fence corn´fields in�察�Make springes for the birds�察�burn up the briars�察�

And plunge in   wholesome   stream the   bleating  flock。  Oft too   with oil   or 

apples   plenty´cheap   The   creeping   ass's   ribs   his   driver   packs�察�And   home 

from town returning brings instead A dented mill´stone or black lump of 

pitch。      The   moon   herself   in   various   rank   assigns   The   days   for   labour 

lucky�此�fly the fifth�察�Then sprang pale Orcus and the Eumenides�察�Earth then 

in   awful   labour brought   to   light   Coeus�察 �Iapetus�察  �and Typhoeus   fell�察�And 

those sworn brethren banded to break down The gates of heaven�察�thrice�察�

sooth to say�察�they strove Ossa on Pelion's top to heave and heap�察�Aye�察�and 

on   Ossa   to   up´roll   amain   Leafy   Olympus�察  �thrice   with   thunderbolt   Their 

mountain´stair the Sire asunder smote。 Seventh after tenth is lucky both to 

set The vine in earth�察�and take and tame the steer�察�And fix the leashes to 

the warp�察�the ninth To runagates is kinder�察�cross to thieves。                       Many the 

tasks   that   lightlier   lend   themselves   In   chilly   night�察  �or   when   the   sun   is 

young�察  �And   Dawn   bedews   the   world。   By   night   'tis   best   To   reap   light 

stubble�察  �and   parched   fields   by   night�察  �For   nights   the   suppling   moisture 

never fails。 And one will sit the long late watches out By winter fire´light�察�

shaping   with keen   blade The  torches to   a  point�察�his   wife the  while�察  �Her 

tedious   labour   soothing   with   a   song�察  �Speeds   the   shrill   comb   along   the 

warp�察  �or   else   With   Vulcan's   aid   boils   the   sweet   must´juice   down�察  �And 

skims   with   leaves   the   quivering   cauldron's   wave。           But   ruddy   Ceres   in 

mid heat is mown�察�And in mid heat the parched ears are bruised Upon the 



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                                     29BC THE GEORGICS 



floor�察�to plough strip�察�strip to sow�察�Winter's the lazy time for husbandmen。 

In   the   cold   season   farmers   wont   to   taste   The   increase   of   their   toil�察  �and 

yield themselves To mutual interchange of festal cheer。 Boon winter bids 

them�察  �and   unbinds   their   cares�察�As   laden   keels�察  �when   now   the   port   they 

touch�察�And happy sailors crown the sterns with flowers。 Nathless then also 

time it is to strip Acorns from oaks�察�and berries from the bay�察�Olives�察�and 

bleeding myrtles�察�then to set Snares for the crane�察�and meshes for the stag�察�

And hunt the long´eared hares�察�then pierce the doe With whirl of hempen´ 

thonged Balearic sling�察�While snow lies deep�察�and streams are drifting ice。 

What need to tell of autumn's storms and stars�察�And wherefore men must 

watch�察�when now the day Grows shorter�察�and more soft the summer's heat�拭�

When Spring the rain´bringer comes rushing down�察�Or when the beards of 

harvest on the plain Bristle already�察�and the milky corn On its green stalk 

is swelling�拭�Many a time�察�When now the farmer to his yellow fields The 

reaping´hind   came   bringing�察  �even   in   act   To   lop   the   brittle   barley   stems�察�

have I Seen all the windy legions clash in war Together�察�as to rend up far 

and wide The heavy corn´crop from its lowest roots�察�And toss it skywar

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