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and¡¡buy¡¡a¡¡bottle¡¡of¡¡vodki¡¡for¡¡five¡¡kopecks£»¡¡hot¡¡tripe¡¡or¡¡lungs£»¡¡

one¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡bread¡¡and¡¡two¡¡cucumbers¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡we¡¡have¡¡lived¡¡off¡¡

our¡¡drunken¡¡headache¡¡we¡¡will¡¡think¡¡of¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡

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19¡¡¡¡CREATURES¡¡THAT¡¡ONCE¡¡WERE¡¡MEN¡¡¡¡





As¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡the¡¡consideration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨condition¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¨¡¡

lasted¡¡some¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡days£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Captain¡¡had¡¡

not¡¡a¡¡farthing¡¡left¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡roubles¡¡or¡¡five¡¡roubles¡¡given¡¡

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see£¿¡¡¡¡Now¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡drunk¡¡everything¡¡with¡¡you£»¡¡you¡¡fool£»¡¡

try¡¡again¡¡to¡¡regain¡¡the¡¡path¡¡of¡¡virtue¡¡and¡¡soberness¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡has¡¡

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to¡¡keep¡¡your¡¡money£»¡¡or¡¡else¡¡give¡¡it¡¡to¡¡me¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡you¡¡get¡¡

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trousers¡¡you¡¡can¡¡go¡¡far¡£¡¡¡¡Now¡¡then£»¡¡be¡¡off£¡¡¨



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knew¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡loquacious¡¡Captain¡¡he¡¡had¡¡an¡¡arm¡¡that¡¡would¡¡

assist¡¡him¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡need¡£



And¡¡really¡¡it¡¡happened¡¡very¡¡often¡¡that£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡month¡¡or¡¡so£»¡¡

some¡¡ticket¡­of¡­leave¡¡client£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡strict¡¡surveillance¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡Captain£»¡¡had¡¡the¡¡opportunity¡¡of¡¡raising¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡a¡¡

condition¡¡better¡¡than¡¡that¡¡to¡¡which£»¡¡thanks¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Captain's¡¡

cooperation£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡fallen¡£





20¡¡¡¡CREATURES¡¡THAT¡¡ONCE¡¡WERE¡¡MEN





¡¨Now£»¡¡then£»¡¡my¡¡friend£¡¡¨¡¡said¡¡the¡¡Captain£»¡¡glancing¡¡critically¡¡

at¡¡the¡¡restored¡¡client£»¡¡¡¨we¡¡have¡¡a¡¡coat¡¡and¡¡jacket¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡I¡¡had¡¡

respectable¡¡trousers¡¡I¡¡lived¡¡in¡¡town¡¡like¡¡a¡¡respectable¡¡man¡£¡¡

But¡¡when¡¡the¡¡trousers¡¡wore¡¡out£»¡¡I£»¡¡too£»¡¡fell¡¡off¡¡in¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡

of¡¡my¡¡fellow¡­men¡¡and¡¡had¡¡to¡¡come¡¡down¡¡here¡¡from¡¡the¡¡town¡£¡¡¡¡Men£»¡¡

my¡¡fine¡¡mannikin£»¡¡judge¡¡everything¡¡by¡¡the¡¡outward¡¡appearance£»¡¡

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is¡¡incomprehensible¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡Make¡¡a¡¡note¡¡of¡¡this¡¡on¡¡your¡¡nose£»¡¡

and¡¡pay¡¡me¡¡at¡¡least¡¡half¡¡your¡¡debt¡£¡¡Go¡¡in¡¡peace£»¡¡seek£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡

may¡¡find¡£¡¨



¡¨How¡¡much¡¡do¡¡I¡¡owe¡¡you£»¡¡Aristid¡¡Fomich£¿¡¨¡¡asks¡¡the¡¡client£»¡¡in¡¡

confusion¡£



¡¨One¡¡rouble¡¡and¡¡70¡¡kopecks¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡give¡¡me¡¡only¡¡one¡¡rouble£»¡¡

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¡¨I¡¡thank¡¡you¡¡humbly¡¡for¡¡your¡¡kindness£¡¡¨¡¡says¡¡the¡¡client£»¡¡touched¡¡

to¡¡the¡¡heart¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Truly¡¡you¡¡are¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡man¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡££»¡¡Life¡¡has¡¡

persecuted¡¡you¡¡in¡¡vain¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡What¡¡an¡¡eagle¡¡you¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡

in¡¡your¡¡own¡¡place£¡¡¨



The¡¡Captain¡¡could¡¡not¡¡live¡¡without¡¡eloquent¡¡speeches¡£



¡¨What¡¡does¡¡'in¡¡my¡¡own¡¡place'¡¡mean£¿¡¡¡¡No¡¡one¡¡really¡¡knows¡¡his¡¡own¡¡

place¡¡in¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡one¡¡of¡¡us¡¡crawls¡¡into¡¡his¡¡harness¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡

place¡¡of¡¡the¡¡merchant¡¡Judas¡¡Petunikoff¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡penal¡¡

servitude£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡still¡¡walks¡¡through¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡in¡¡daylight£»¡¡

and¡¡even¡¡intends¡¡to¡¡build¡¡a¡¡factory¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡place¡¡of¡¡our¡¡teacher¡¡

ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡beside¡¡a¡¡wife¡¡and¡¡half¡­a¡­dozen¡¡children£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡is¡¡

loitering¡¡in¡¡the¡¡public¡­house¡¡of¡¡Vaviloff¡£¡¡





21¡¡¡¡CREATURES¡¡THAT¡¡ONCE¡¡WERE¡¡MEN¡¡¡¡





¡¨And¡¡then£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡yourself¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡are¡¡going¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡a¡¡situation¡¡

as¡¡a¡¡hall¡¡porter¡¡or¡¡waiter£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡can¡¡see¡¡that¡¡you¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a

soldier¡¡in¡¡the¡¡army£»¡¡because¡¡you¡¡are¡¡no¡¡fool£»¡¡are¡¡patient¡¡and¡¡

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it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡accidentally£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡

our¡¡own¡¡places£¡¡¨



Such¡¡farewell¡¡speeches¡¡often¡¡served¡¡as¡¡a¡¡preface¡¡to¡¡the

continuation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡acquaintance£»¡¡which¡¡again¡¡began¡¡with¡¡

drinking¡¡and¡¡went¡¡so¡¡far¡¡that¡¡the¡¡client¡¡would¡¡spend¡¡his¡¡last¡¡

farthing¡£¡¡¡¡Then¡¡the¡¡Captain¡¡would¡¡stand¡¡him¡¡treat£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡

would¡¡drink¡¡all¡¡they¡¡had¡£



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the¡¡good¡¡relations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡parties¡£



The¡¡teacher¡¡mentioned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Captain¡¡was¡¡another¡¡of¡¡those¡¡

customers¡¡who¡¡were¡¡thus¡¡reformed¡¡only¡¡in¡¡order¡¡that¡¡they¡¡

should¡¡sin¡¡again¡£¡¡¡¡Thanks¡¡to¡¡his¡¡intellect£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡nearest¡¡

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falling¡¡so¡¡low¡¡as¡¡dosshouse¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡his¡¡inability¡¡to¡¡rise¡¡

again¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡only¡¡with¡¡him¡¡that¡¡Aristid¡¡Kuvalda¡¡could¡¡

philosophize¡¡with¡¡the¡¡certainty¡¡of¡¡being¡¡understood¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡valued¡¡

this£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the¡¡reformed¡¡teacher¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡

dosshouse¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡get¡¡a¡¡corner¡¡in¡¡town¡¡for¡¡himself£»¡¡then¡¡

Aristid¡¡Kuvalda¡¡accompanied¡¡him¡¡so¡¡sorrowfully¡¡and¡¡sadly¡¡that¡¡

it¡¡ended£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡both¡¡getting¡¡drunk¡¡and¡¡spending¡¡

all¡¡their¡¡money¡£¡¡¡¡Probably¡¡Kuvalda¡¡arranged¡¡the¡¡matter

intentionally¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡teacher¡¡could¡¡not¡¡leave¡¡the

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it¡¡possible¡¡for¡¡Aristid¡¡Kuvalda£»¡¡a¡¡nobleman¡¡£¨as¡¡was¡¡evident¡¡

from¡¡his¡¡speeches£©£»¡¡one¡¡who¡¡was¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡think£»¡¡though¡¡

the¡¡turn¡¡of¡¡fate¡¡may¡¡have¡¡changed¡¡his¡¡position£»¡¡was¡¡it¡¡possible¡¡

for¡¡him¡¡not¡¡to¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡have¡¡close¡¡to¡¡him¡¡a¡¡man¡¡like¡¡himself£¿¡¡

We¡¡can¡¡pity¡¡our¡¡own¡¡faults¡¡in¡¡others¡£





22¡¡¡¡CREATURES¡¡THAT¡¡ONCE¡¡WERE¡¡MEN





This¡¡teacher¡¡had¡¡once¡¡taught¡¡at¡¡an¡¡institution¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

towns¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Volga£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡some¡¡story¡¡was¡¡

dismissed¡£¡¡¡¡After¡¡this¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡clerk¡¡in¡¡a¡¡tannery£»¡¡but¡¡again¡¡

had¡¡to¡¡leave¡£¡¡¡¡Then¡¡he¡¡became¡¡a¡¡librarian¡¡in¡¡some¡¡private¡¡

library£»¡¡subsequently¡¡following¡¡other¡¡professions¡£¡¡¡¡Finally£»¡¡

after¡¡passing¡¡examinations¡¡in¡¡law¡¡he¡¡became¡¡a¡¡lawyer£»¡¡but¡¡

drink¡¡reduced¡¡him¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Captain's¡¡dosshouse¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡tall£»¡¡

round¡­shouldered£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡long£»¡¡sharp¡¡nose¡¡and¡¡bald¡¡head¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡

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shone¡¡large£»¡¡restless¡¡eyes£»¡¡deeply¡¡sunk¡¡in¡¡their¡¡sockets£»¡¡and¡¡

the¡¡corners¡¡of¡¡his¡¡mouth¡¡drooped¡¡sadly¡¡down¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡earned¡¡his¡¡

bread£»¡¡or¡¡rather¡¡his¡¡drink£»¡¡by¡¡reporting¡¡for¡¡the¡¡local¡¡papers¡£¡¡

He¡¡sometimes¡¡earned¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡fifteen¡¡roubles¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡he¡¡gave¡¡

to¡¡the¡¡Captain¡¡and¡¡said£º



¡¨It¡¡is¡¡enough¡£¡¡I¡¡am¡¡going¡¡back¡¡into¡¡the¡¡bosom¡¡of¡¡culture¡£¡¡

Another¡¡week's¡¡hard¡¡work¡¡and¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡dress¡¡respectably£»¡¡and¡¡

then¡¡Addio£»¡¡mio¡¡caro£¡¡¨



¡¨Very¡¡exemplary£¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡I¡¡heartily¡¡sympathize¡¡with¡¡your¡¡decision£»¡¡

Philip£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡give¡¡you¡¡another¡¡glass¡¡all¡¡this¡¡week£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡

Captain¡¡warned¡¡him¡¡sternly¡£



¡¨I¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡thankful£¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡You¡¡will¡¡not¡¡give¡¡me¡¡one¡¡drop£¿¡¨



The¡¡Captain¡¡beard¡¡in¡¡his¡¡voice¡¡a¡¡beseeching¡¡note¡¡to¡¡which¡¡he¡¡

turned¡¡a¡¡deaf¡¡ear¡£



¡¨Even¡¡though¡¡you¡¡roar£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡give¡¡it¡¡you£¡¡¨



¡¨As¡¡you¡¡like£»¡¡then£»¡¨¡¡sighed¡¡the¡¡teacher£»¡¡and¡¡went¡¡away¡¡to¡¡

continue¡¡his¡¡reporting¡£¡¡





23¡¡¡¡CREATURES¡¡THAT¡¡ONCE¡¡WERE¡¡MEN¡¡¡¡





But¡¡after¡¡a¡¡day¡¡or¡¡two¡¡he¡¡would¡¡return¡¡tired¡¡and¡¡thirsty£»¡¡and¡¡

would¡¡look¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Captain¡¡with¡¡a¡¡beseeching¡¡glance¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

corners¡¡of¡¡his¡¡eyes£»¡¡hoping¡¡that¡¡his¡¡friend's¡¡heart¡¡would¡¡

soften¡£



The¡¡Captain¡¡in¡¡such¡¡cases¡¡put¡¡on¡¡a¡¡serious¡¡face¡¡and¡¡began¡¡

speaking¡¡with¡¡killing¡¡irony¡¡on¡¡the¡¡theme¡¡of¡¡weakness¡¡of¡¡

character£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡delight¡¡of¡¡intoxication£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡such

subjects¡¡as¡¡suited¡¡the¡¡occasion¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡must¡¡do¡¡him¡¡justice£º¡¡¡¡he¡¡

was¡¡captivated¡¡by¡¡his¡¡role¡¡of¡¡mentor¡¡and¡¡moralist£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡

lodgers¡¡dogged¡¡him£»¡¡and£»¡¡listening¡¡sceptically¡¡to¡¡his¡¡

exhortations¡¡to¡¡repentance£»¡¡would¡¡whisper¡¡aside¡¡to¡¡each¡¡other£º



¡¨Cunning£»¡¡skilful£»¡¡shifty¡¡rogue£¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡told¡¡you¡¡so£»¡¡but¡¡you¡¡would¡¡

not¡¡listen¡£¡¡¡¡It's¡¡your¡¡own¡¡fault£¡¡¨



¡¨His¡¡honor¡¡is¡¡really¡¡a¡¡good¡¡soldier¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡goes¡¡first¡¡and¡¡examines¡¡

the¡¡road¡¡behind¡¡him£¡¡¨



The¡¡teacher¡¡then¡¡hunted¡¡here¡¡and¡¡there¡¡till¡¡he¡¡found¡¡his¡¡friend¡¡

again¡¡in¡¡some¡¡corner£»¡¡and¡¡grasping¡¡his¡¡dirty¡¡coat£»¡¡trembling¡¡

and¡¡licking¡¡his¡¡dry¡¡lips£»¡¡looked¡¡into¡¡his¡¡face¡¡with¡¡a¡¡deep£»¡¡

tragic¡¡glance£»¡¡without¡¡articulate¡¡words¡£



¡¨Can't¡¡you£¿¡¨¡¡asked¡¡the¡¡Captain¡¡sullenly¡£



The¡¡teacher¡¡answered¡¡by¡¡bowing¡¡his¡¡head¡¡and¡¡letting¡¡it¡¡fall¡¡on¡¡

his¡¡breast£»¡¡his¡¡tall£»¡¡thin¡¡body¡¡trembling¡¡the¡¡while¡£



¡¨Wait¡¡another¡¡day¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡perhaps¡¡you¡¡will¡¡be¡¡all¡¡right¡¡then£»¡¨¡¡

proposed¡¡Kuvalda¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡teacher¡¡sighed£»¡¡and¡¡shook¡¡his¡¡head¡¡

hopelessly¡£



The¡¡Captain¡¡saw¡¡that¡¡his¡¡friend's¡¡thin¡¡body¡¡trembled¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

thirst¡¡for¡¡the¡¡poison£»¡¡and¡¡took¡¡some¡¡money¡¡from¡¡his¡¡pocket¡£



¡¨In¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡cases¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡against¡¡

fate£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡he£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡justify¡¡himself¡¡before¡¡someone¡£¡¡





24¡¡¡¡CREATURES¡¡THAT¡¡ONCE¡¡WERE¡¡MEN





But¡¡if¡¡the¡¡teacher¡¡controlled¡¡himself¡¡for¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡week£»¡¡then¡¡

there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡touching¡¡farewell¡¡scene¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡friends£»¡¡

which¡¡ended¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eating¡­house¡¡of¡¡Vaviloff¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡

teacher¡¡did¡¡not¡¡spend¡¡all¡¡his¡¡money£»¡¡but¡¡spent¡¡at¡¡least¡¡half¡¡

on¡¡the¡¡children¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡street¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡poor¡¡are¡¡always¡¡rich¡¡

in¡¡children£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dirt¡¡and¡¡ditches¡¡of¡¡this¡¡street¡¡there

were¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡them¡¡from¡¡morning¡¡to¡¡night£»¡¡hungry£»¡¡naked¡¡and¡¡

dirty¡£¡¡¡¡Children¡¡are¡¡the¡¡living¡¡flowers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth£»¡¡but¡¡

these¡¡had¡¡the¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡flowers¡¡that¡¡have¡¡faded¡¡

prematurely£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡grew¡¡in¡¡ground¡¡where¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡

healthy¡¡nourishment¡£¡¡¡¡Often¡¡the¡¡teacher¡¡would¡¡gather¡¡them¡¡round¡¡

him£»¡¡would¡¡buy¡¡them¡¡bread£»¡¡eggs£»¡¡apples¡¡and¡¡nuts£»¡¡and¡¡take¡¡

them¡¡into¡¡the¡¡fields¡¡by¡¡the¡¡river¡¡side¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡they¡¡would¡¡sit¡¡

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drunkard¡¡towered¡¡above¡¡these¡¡small¡¡people£»¡¡who¡¡treated¡¡him¡¡

familiarly£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡he¡¡were¡¡one¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡age¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡called¡¡

him¡¡¡¨Philip£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡did¡¡not¡¡trouble¡¡to¡¡prefix¡¡¡¨Uncle¡¨¡¡to¡¡his¡¡

name¡£¡¡¡¡Playing¡¡around¡¡him£»¡¡like¡¡little¡¡wild¡¡animals£»¡¡they¡¡

pushed¡¡him£»¡¡jumped¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡back£»¡¡beat¡¡him¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡bald¡¡head£»¡¡

and¡¡caught¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡his¡¡nose¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡this¡¡must¡¡have¡¡pleased¡¡him£»¡¡

as¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡protest¡¡against¡¡such¡¡liberties¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡spoke¡¡very¡¡

little¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡he¡¡did¡¡so¡¡he¡¡did¡¡it¡¡cautiously¡¡as¡¡if

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passed¡¡many¡¡hours¡¡thus¡¡as¡¡their¡¡companion¡¡and¡¡plaything£»¡¡

watching¡¡their¡¡lively¡¡faces¡¡with¡¡his¡¡gloomy¡¡eyes¡£¡¡





25¡¡¡¡CREATURES¡¡THAT¡¡ONCE¡¡WERE¡¡MEN





Then¡¡he¡¡would¡¡thoughtfully¡¡and¡¡slowly¡¡direct¡¡his¡¡steps¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

eating¡­house¡¡of¡¡Vaviloff£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡would¡¡drink¡¡silently¡¡and¡¡

quickly¡¡till¡¡all¡¡his¡¡senses¡¡left¡¡him¡£



*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡



Almost¡¡every¡¡day¡¡after¡¡his¡¡reporting¡¡he¡¡would¡¡bring¡¡a¡¡

newspaper£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡gather¡¡round¡¡him¡¡all¡¡these¡¡creatures¡¡that¡¡

once¡¡were¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡seeing¡¡him£»¡¡they¡¡would¡¡come¡¡forward¡¡from¡¡

all¡¡corners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡court¡­yard£»¡¡drunk£»¡¡or¡¡suffering¡¡from¡¡drunken¡¡

headache£»¡¡dishevelled£»¡¡tattered£»¡¡miserable£»¡¡and¡¡piti

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