posterior analytics-第20章

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which　is　a　single　identity　within　them　all…originate　the　skill　of



the　craftsman　and　the　knowledge　of　the　man　of　science；　skill　in　the



sphere　of　coming　to　be　and　science　in　the　sphere　of　being。



　　We　conclude　that　these　states　of　knowledge　are　neither　innate　in　a



determinate　form；　nor　developed　from　other　higher　states　of　knowledge；



but　from　sense…perception。　It　is　like　a　rout　in　battle　stopped　by



first　one　man　making　a　stand　and　then　another；　until　the　original



formation　has　been　restored。　The　soul　is　so　constituted　as　to　be



capable　of　this　process。



　　Let　us　now　restate　the　account　given　already；　though　with



insufficient　clearness。　When　one　of　a　number　of　logically



indiscriminable　particulars　has　made　a　stand；　the　earliest　universal



is　present　in　the　soul：　for　though　the　act　of　sense…perception　is　of



the　particular；　its　content　is　universal…is　man；　for　example；　not



the　man　Callias。　A　fresh　stand　is　made　among　these　rudimentary



universals；　and　the　process　does　not　cease　until　the　indivisible



concepts；　the　true　universals；　are　established：　e。g。　such　and　such　a



species　of　animal　is　a　step　towards　the　genus　animal；　which　by　the



same　process　is　a　step　towards　a　further　generalization。



　　Thus　it　is　clear　that　we　must　get　to　know　the　primary　premisses　by



induction；　for　the　method　by　which　even　sense…perception　implants



the　universal　is　inductive。　Now　of　the　thinking　states　by　which　we



grasp　truth；　some　are　unfailingly　true；　others　admit　of　error…opinion；



for　instance；　and　calculation；　whereas　scientific　knowing　and



intuition　are　always　true：　further；　no　other　kind　of　thought　except



intuition　is　more　accurate　than　scientific　knowledge；　whereas



primary　premisses　are　more　knowable　than　demonstrations；　and　all



scientific　knowledge　is　discursive。　From　these　considerations　it



follows　that　there　will　be　no　scientific　knowledge　of　the　primary



premisses；　and　since　except　intuition　nothing　can　be　truer　than



scientific　knowledge；　it　will　be　intuition　that　apprehends　the　primary



premisses…a　result　which　also　follows　from　the　fact　that　demonstration



cannot　be　the　originative　source　of　demonstration；　nor；



consequently；　scientific　knowledge　of　scientific　knowledge。If；



therefore；　it　is　the　only　other　kind　of　true　thinking　except



scientific　knowing；　intuition　will　be　the　originative　source　of



scientific　knowledge。　And　the　originative　source　of　science　grasps　the



original　basic　premiss；　while　science　as　a　whole　is　similarly



related　as　originative　source　to　the　whole　body　of　fact。











　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　…THE　END…



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