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suppose that Ts`ao Kung tampered with the text。 But the text
itself is often so obscure�察�and the number of editions which
appeared from that time onward so great�察�especially during the
T`ang and Sung dynasties�察�that it would be surprising if numerous
corruptions had not managed to creep in。 Towards the middle of
the Sung period�察�by which time all the chief commentaries on Sun
Tzu were in existence�察�a certain Chi T`ien´pao published a work
in 15 CHUAN entitled ;Sun Tzu with the collected commentaries of
ten writers。; There was another text�察�with variant readings put
forward by Chu Fu of Ta´hsing�察�which also had supporters among
the scholars of that period�察�but in the Ming editions�察�Sun Hsing´
yen tells us�察�these readings were for some reason or other no
longer put into circulation。 Thus�察�until the end of the 18th
century�察�the text in sole possession of the field was one derived
from Chi T`ien´pao's edition�察�although no actual copy of that
important work was known to have survived。 That�察�therefore�察 �is
the text of Sun Tzu which appears in the War section of the great
Imperial encyclopedia printed in 1726�察�the KU CHIN T`U SHU CHI
CH`ENG。 Another copy at my disposal of what is practically the
same text�察 �with slight variations�察�is that contained in the
;Eleven philosophers of the Chou and Ch`in dynasties; ��1758�А�
And the Chinese printed in Capt。 Calthrop's first edition is
evidently a similar version which has filtered through Japanese
channels。 So things remained until Sun Hsing´yen ��1752´1818�В察 �a
distinguished antiquarian and classical scholar�察�who claimed to
be an actual descendant of Sun Wu�察。�36�А�accidentally discovered a
copy of Chi T`ien´pao's long´lost work�察�when on a visit to the
library of the Hua´yin temple。 ��37�А �Appended to it was the I
SHUO of Cheng Yu´Hsien�察�mentioned in the T`UNG CHIH�察 �and also
believed to have perished。 This is what Sun Hsing´yen designates
as the ;original edition ��or text��; a rather misleading name�察�
for it cannot by any means claim to set before us the text of Sun
Tzu in its pristine purity。 Chi T`ien´pao was a careless
compiler�察 �and appears to have been content to reproduce the
somewhat debased version current in his day�察�without troubling to
collate it with the earliest editions then available。
Fortunately�察 �two versions of Sun Tzu�察�even older than the newly
discovered work�察�were still extant�察�one buried in the T`UNG TIEN�察�
Tu Yu's great treatise on the Constitution�察�the other similarly
enshrined in the T`AI P`ING YU LAN encyclopedia。 In both the
complete text is to be found�察�though split up into fragments�察�
intermixed with other matter�察�and scattered piecemeal over a
number of different sections。 Considering that the YU LAN takes
us back to the year 983�察�and the T`UNG TIEN about 200 years
further still�察�to the middle of the T`ang dynasty�察�the value of
these early transcripts of Sun Tzu can hardly be overestimated。
Yet the idea of utilizing them does not seem to have occurred to
anyone until Sun Hsing´yen�察�acting under Government instructions�察�
undertook a thorough recension of the text。 This is his own
account�此�
Because of the numerous mistakes in the text of Sun Tzu
which his editors had handed down�察�the Government ordered
that the ancient edition ��of Chi T`ien´pao�А�should be used�察�
and that the text should be revised and corrected throughout。
It happened that Wu Nien´hu�察�the Governor Pi Kua�察�and Hsi�察 �a
graduate of the second degree�察�had all devoted themselves to
this study�察�probably surpassing me therein。 Accordingly�察 �I
have had the whole work cut on blocks as a textbook for
military men。
The three individuals here referred to had evidently been
occupied on the text of Sun Tzu prior to Sun Hsing´yen's
commission�察 �but we are left in doubt as to the work they really
accomplished。 At any rate�察�the new edition�察 �when ultimately
produced�察�appeared in the names of Sun Hsing´yen and only one co´
editor Wu Jen´shi。 They took the ;original edition; as their
basis�察�and by careful comparison with older versions�察�as well as
the extant commentaries and other sources of information such as
the I SHUO�察 �succeeded in restoring a very large number of
doubtful passages�察 �and turned out�察�on the whole�察�what must be
accepted as the closes approximation we are ever likely to get to
Sun Tzu's original work。 This is what will hereafter be
denominated the ;standard text。;
The copy which I have used belongs to a reissue dated 1877。
it is in 6 PEN�察�forming part of a well´printed set of 23 early
philosophical works in 83 PEN。 ��38�А �It opens with a preface by
Sun Hsing´yen ��largely quoted in this introduction���察 �vindicating
the traditional view of Sun Tzu's life and performances�察 �and
summing up in remarkably concise fashion the evidence in its
favor。 This is followed by Ts`ao Kung's preface to his edition�察�
and the biography of Sun Tzu from the SHIH CHI�察�both translated
above。 Then come�察�firstly�察�Cheng Yu´hsien's I SHUO�察 。�39�А �with
author's preface�察�and next�察�a short miscellany of historical and
bibliographical information entitled SUN TZU HSU LU�察�compiled by
Pi I´hsun。 As regards the body of the work�察 �each separate
sentence is followed by a note on the text�察�if required�察�and then
by the various commentaries appertaining to it�察 �arranged in
chronological order。 These we shall now proceed to discuss
briefly�察�one by one。
The Commentators
Sun Tzu can boast an exceptionally long distinguished roll
of commentators�察�which would do honor to any classic。 Ou´yang
Hsiu remarks on this fact�察�though he wrote before the tale was
complete�察 �and rather ingeniously explains it by saying that the
artifices of war�察 �being inexhaustible�察 �must therefore be
susceptible of treatment in a great variety of ways。
1。 TS`AO TS`AO or Ts`ao Kung�察�afterwards known as Wei Wu Ti
��A。D。 155´220�А� There is hardly any room for doubt that the
earliest commentary on Sun Tzu actually came from the pen of this
extraordinary man�察�whose biography in the SAN KUO CHIH reads like
a romance。 One of the greatest military geniuses that the world
has seen�察�and Napoleonic in the scale of his operations�察�he was
especially famed for the marvelous rapidity of his marches�察�which
has found expression in the line ;Talk of Ts`ao Ts`ao�察�and Ts`ao
Ts`ao will appear。; Ou´yang Hsiu says of him that he was a great
captain who ;measured his strength against Tung Cho�察�Lu Pu and
the two Yuan�察�father and son�察�and vanquished them all�察 �whereupon
he divided the Empire of Han with Wu and Shu�察�and made himself
king。 It is recorded that whenever a council of war was held by
Wei on the eve of a far´reaching campaign�察 �he had all his
calculations ready�察�those generals who made use of them did not
lose one battle in ten�察�those who ran counter to them in any
particular saw their armies incontinently beaten and put to
flight。; Ts`ao Kung's notes on Sun Tzu�察 �models of austere
brevity�察�are so thoroughly characteristic of the stern commander
known to history�察�that it is hard indeed to conceive of them as
the work of a mere LITTERATEUR。 Sometimes�察 �indeed�察 �owing to
extreme compression�察�they are scarcely intelligible and stand no
less in need of a commentary than the text itself。 ��40��
2。 MENG SHIH。 The commentary which has come down to us
under this name is comparatively meager�察�and nothing about the
author is known。 Even his personal name has not been recorded。
Chi T`ien´pao's edition places him after Chia Lin��and Ch`ao Kung´
wu also assigns him to the T`ang dynasty�察。�41�А�but this is a
mistake。 In Sun Hsing´yen's preface�察�he appears as Meng Shih of
the Liang dynasty ��502´557�А� Others would identify him with Meng
K`ang of the 3rd century。 He is named in one work as the last of
the ;Five Commentators�察─�the others being Wei Wu Ti�察�Tu Mu�察�Ch`en
Hao and Chia Lin。
3。 LI CH`UAN of the 8th century was a well´known writer on
military tactics。 One of his works has been in constant use down
to the present day。 The T`UNG CHIH mentions ;Lives of famous
generals from the Chou to the T`ang dynasty; as written by him。
��42�А �According to Ch`ao Kung´wu and the T`IEN´I´KO catalogue�察�he
followed a variant of the text of Sun Tzu which differs
considerably from those now extant。 His notes are mostly short
and to the point�察�and he frequently illustrates his remarks by
anecdotes from Chinese history。
4。 TU YU ��died 812�� did not publish a separate commentary
on Sun Tzu�察 �his notes being taken from the T`UNG TIEN�察 �the
encyclopedic treatise on the Constitution which was his life´
work。 They are largely repetitions of Ts`ao Kung and Meng Shih�察�
besides which it is believed that he drew on the ancient
commentaries of Wang Ling and others。 Owing to the peculiar
arrangement of T`UNG TIEN�察�he has to explain each passage on its
merits�察�apart from the context�察�and sometimes his own explanation
does not agree with that of Ts`ao Kung�察�whom he always quotes
first。 Though not strictly to be reckoned as one of the ;Ten
Commentators�察─ �he was added to their number by Chi T`ien´pao�察�
being wrongly placed after his grandson Tu Mu。
5。 TU MU ��803´852�� is perhaps the best known as a poet a
bright star even in the glorious galaxy of the T`ang period。 We
learn from Ch`ao Kung´wu that although he had no practical
experience of war�察 �he was extremely fond of discussing the
subject�察 �and was moreover well read in the military history of
the CH`UN CH`IU and CHAN KUO eras。 His notes�察 �therefore�察 �are
well worth attention。 They are very copious�察�and replete with
historical parallels。 The gist of Sun Tzu's work is thus
summarized by him�此 �Practice benevolence and justice�察�but on the
other hand make full use of artifice and measures of expediency。;
He further declared that all the military triumphs and disasters
of the thousand years which had elapsed since Sun Tzu's death
would�察 �upon examination�察�be found to uphold and corroborate�察 �in
every particular�察 �the maxims contained in his book。 Tu Mu's
somewhat spiteful charge against Ts`ao Kung has already been
considered elsewhere。
6。 CH`EN HAO appears to have been a contemporary of Tu Mu。
Ch`ao Kung´wu says that he was impelled to write a new commentary
on Sun Tzu because Ts`ao Kung's on the one hand was too obscure
and subtle�察�and that of Tu Mu on the other too long´winded and
diffuse。 Ou´yang Hsiu�察 �writing in the middle of the 11th
century�察 �calls Ts`ao Kung�察�Tu Mu and Ch`en Hao the three chief
commentators on Sun Tzu�察 �and observes that Ch`en Hao is
continually attacking Tu Mu's shortcomings。 His commentary�察�
though not lacking in merit�察�must rank be