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art of war-及4嫗

弌傍�� art of war 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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suppose that Ts`ao Kung tampered with the text。  But the text 

itself is often so obscure�察�and the number of editions which 

appeared from that time onward so great�察�especially during the 

T`ang and Sung dynasties�察�that it would be surprising if numerous 

corruptions had not managed to creep in。  Towards the middle of 

the Sung period�察�by which time all the chief commentaries on Sun 

Tzu were in existence�察�a certain Chi T`ien´pao published a work 

in 15 CHUAN entitled ;Sun Tzu with the collected commentaries of 

ten writers。;  There was another text�察�with variant readings put 

forward by Chu Fu of Ta´hsing�察�which also had supporters among 

the scholars of that period�察�but in the Ming editions�察�Sun Hsing´

yen tells us�察�these readings were for some reason or other no 

longer put into circulation。  Thus�察�until the end of the 18th 

century�察�the text in sole possession of the field was one derived 

from Chi T`ien´pao's edition�察�although no actual copy of that 

important work was known to have survived。  That�察�therefore�察 �is 

the text of Sun Tzu which appears in the War section of the great 

Imperial encyclopedia printed in 1726�察�the KU CHIN T`U SHU CHI 

CH`ENG。  Another copy at my disposal of what is practically the 

same text�察 �with slight variations�察�is that contained in the 

;Eleven philosophers of the Chou and Ch`in dynasties;  ��1758�А�  

And the Chinese printed in Capt。 Calthrop's first edition is 

evidently a similar version which has filtered through Japanese 

channels。  So things remained until Sun Hsing´yen ��1752´1818�В察 �a 

distinguished antiquarian and classical scholar�察�who claimed to 

be an actual descendant of Sun Wu�察。�36�А�accidentally discovered a 

copy of Chi T`ien´pao's long´lost work�察�when on a visit to the 

library of the Hua´yin temple。 ��37�А �Appended to it was the I 

SHUO of Cheng Yu´Hsien�察�mentioned in the T`UNG CHIH�察 �and also 

believed to have perished。  This is what Sun Hsing´yen designates 

as the ;original edition ��or text��;  a rather misleading name�察�

for it cannot by any means claim to set before us the text of Sun 

Tzu in its pristine purity。  Chi T`ien´pao was a careless 

compiler�察 �and appears to have been content to reproduce the 

somewhat debased version current in his day�察�without troubling to 

collate   it   with the earliest   editions   then   available。  

Fortunately�察 �two versions of Sun Tzu�察�even older than the newly 

discovered work�察�were still extant�察�one buried in the T`UNG TIEN�察�

Tu Yu's great treatise on the Constitution�察�the other similarly 

enshrined in the T`AI P`ING YU LAN encyclopedia。  In both the 

complete text is to be found�察�though split up into fragments�察�

intermixed with other matter�察�and scattered piecemeal over a 

number of different sections。  Considering that the YU LAN takes 

us back to the year 983�察�and the T`UNG TIEN about 200 years 

further still�察�to the middle of the T`ang dynasty�察�the value of 

these early transcripts of Sun Tzu can hardly be overestimated。  

Yet the idea of utilizing them does not seem to have occurred to 

anyone until Sun Hsing´yen�察�acting under Government instructions�察�

undertook a thorough recension of the text。  This is his own 

account�此�



       Because of the numerous mistakes in the text of Sun Tzu 

  which his editors had handed down�察�the Government ordered 

  that the ancient edition ��of Chi T`ien´pao�А�should be used�察�

  and that the text should be revised and corrected throughout。  

  It happened that Wu Nien´hu�察�the Governor Pi Kua�察�and Hsi�察 �a 

  graduate of the second degree�察�had all devoted themselves to 

  this study�察�probably surpassing me therein。  Accordingly�察 �I 

  have had the whole work cut on blocks as a textbook for 

  military men。



     The three individuals here referred to had evidently been 

occupied on the text of Sun Tzu prior to Sun Hsing´yen's 

commission�察 �but we are left in doubt as to the work they really 

accomplished。  At any rate�察�the new edition�察 �when ultimately 

produced�察�appeared in the names of Sun Hsing´yen and only one co´

editor Wu Jen´shi。  They took the ;original edition;  as their 

basis�察�and by careful comparison with older versions�察�as well as 

the extant commentaries and other sources of information such as 

the I SHUO�察 �succeeded in restoring a very large number of 

doubtful passages�察 �and turned out�察�on the whole�察�what must be 

accepted as the closes approximation we are ever likely to get to 

Sun Tzu's original work。  This is what will hereafter be 

denominated the ;standard text。;

     The copy which I have used belongs to a reissue dated 1877。  

it is in 6 PEN�察�forming part of a well´printed set of 23 early 

philosophical works in 83 PEN。 ��38�А �It opens with a preface by 

Sun Hsing´yen ��largely quoted in this introduction���察 �vindicating 

the traditional view of Sun Tzu's life and performances�察 �and 

summing up in remarkably concise fashion the evidence in its 

favor。  This is followed by Ts`ao Kung's preface to his edition�察�

and the biography of Sun Tzu from the SHIH CHI�察�both translated 

above。  Then come�察�firstly�察�Cheng Yu´hsien's I SHUO�察 。�39�А �with 

author's preface�察�and next�察�a short miscellany of historical and 

bibliographical information entitled SUN TZU HSU LU�察�compiled by 

Pi I´hsun。  As regards the body of the work�察 �each separate 

sentence is followed by a note on the text�察�if required�察�and then 

by the various commentaries appertaining to it�察 �arranged in 

chronological order。  These we shall now proceed to discuss 

briefly�察�one by one。





The Commentators







     Sun Tzu can boast an exceptionally long distinguished roll 

of commentators�察�which would do honor to any classic。  Ou´yang 

Hsiu remarks on this fact�察�though he wrote before the tale was 

complete�察 �and rather ingeniously explains it by saying that the 

artifices   of war�察 �being inexhaustible�察 �must therefore   be 

susceptible of treatment in a great variety of ways。



     1。  TS`AO TS`AO or Ts`ao Kung�察�afterwards known as Wei Wu Ti 

��A。D。  155´220�А�  There is hardly any room for doubt that the 

earliest commentary on Sun Tzu actually came from the pen of this 

extraordinary man�察�whose biography in the SAN KUO CHIH reads like 

a romance。  One of the greatest military geniuses that the world 

has seen�察�and Napoleonic in the scale of his operations�察�he was 

especially famed for the marvelous rapidity of his marches�察�which 

has found expression in the line ;Talk of Ts`ao Ts`ao�察�and Ts`ao 

Ts`ao will appear。;  Ou´yang Hsiu says of him that he was a great 

captain who ;measured his strength against Tung Cho�察�Lu Pu and 

the two Yuan�察�father and son�察�and vanquished them all�察 �whereupon 

he divided the Empire of Han with Wu and Shu�察�and made himself 

king。  It is recorded that whenever a council of war was held by 

Wei on the eve of a far´reaching campaign�察 �he had all his 

calculations ready�察�those generals who made use of them did not 

lose one battle in ten�察�those who ran counter to them in any 

particular saw their armies incontinently beaten and put to 

flight。;   Ts`ao Kung's notes on Sun Tzu�察 �models of austere 

brevity�察�are so thoroughly characteristic of the stern commander 

known to history�察�that it is hard indeed to conceive of them as 

the work of a mere LITTERATEUR。  Sometimes�察 �indeed�察 �owing to 

extreme compression�察�they are scarcely intelligible and stand no 

less in need of a commentary than the text itself。 ��40��



     2。  MENG SHIH。  The commentary which has come down to us 

under this name is comparatively meager�察�and nothing about the 

author is known。  Even his personal name has not been recorded。  

Chi T`ien´pao's edition places him after Chia Lin��and Ch`ao Kung´

wu also assigns him to the T`ang dynasty�察。�41�А�but this is a 

mistake。  In Sun Hsing´yen's preface�察�he appears as Meng Shih of 

the Liang dynasty ��502´557�А�  Others would identify him with Meng 

K`ang of the 3rd century。  He is named in one work as the last of 

the ;Five Commentators�察─�the others being Wei Wu Ti�察�Tu Mu�察�Ch`en 

Hao and Chia Lin。



     3。  LI CH`UAN of the 8th century was a well´known writer on 

military tactics。  One of his works has been in constant use down 

to the present day。  The T`UNG CHIH mentions ;Lives of famous 

generals from the Chou to the T`ang dynasty; as written by him。 

��42�А �According to Ch`ao Kung´wu and the T`IEN´I´KO catalogue�察�he 

followed a variant of the text of Sun Tzu which differs 

considerably from those now extant。  His notes are mostly short 

and to the point�察�and he frequently illustrates his remarks by 

anecdotes from Chinese history。



     4。  TU YU ��died 812�� did not publish a separate commentary 

on Sun Tzu�察 �his notes being taken from the T`UNG TIEN�察 �the 

encyclopedic treatise on the Constitution which was his life´

work。  They are largely repetitions of Ts`ao Kung and Meng Shih�察�

besides which it is believed that he drew on the ancient 

commentaries of Wang Ling and others。  Owing to the peculiar 

arrangement of T`UNG TIEN�察�he has to explain each passage on its 

merits�察�apart from the context�察�and sometimes his own explanation 

does not agree with that of Ts`ao Kung�察�whom he always quotes 

first。  Though not strictly to be reckoned as one of the  ;Ten 

Commentators�察─ �he was added to their number by Chi T`ien´pao�察�

being wrongly placed after his grandson Tu Mu。



     5。  TU MU ��803´852�� is perhaps the best known as a poet  a 

bright star even in the glorious galaxy of the T`ang period。  We 

learn from Ch`ao Kung´wu that although he had no practical 

experience of war�察 �he was extremely fond of discussing the 

subject�察 �and was moreover well read in the military history of 

the CH`UN CH`IU and CHAN KUO eras。  His notes�察 �therefore�察 �are 

well worth attention。  They are very copious�察�and replete with 

historical parallels。  The gist of Sun Tzu's work is thus 

summarized by him�此  �Practice benevolence and justice�察�but on the 

other hand make full use of artifice and measures of expediency。;  

He further declared that all the military triumphs and disasters 

of the thousand years which had elapsed since Sun Tzu's death 

would�察 �upon examination�察�be found to uphold and corroborate�察 �in 

every particular�察 �the maxims contained in his book。  Tu Mu's 

somewhat spiteful charge against Ts`ao Kung has already been 

considered elsewhere。



     6。  CH`EN HAO appears to have been a contemporary of Tu Mu。  

Ch`ao Kung´wu says that he was impelled to write a new commentary 

on Sun Tzu because Ts`ao Kung's on the one hand was too obscure 

and subtle�察�and that of Tu Mu on the other too long´winded and 

diffuse。  Ou´yang Hsiu�察 �writing in the middle of the 11th 

century�察 �calls Ts`ao Kung�察�Tu Mu and Ch`en Hao the three chief 

commentators on Sun Tzu�察 �and observes that Ch`en Hao   is 

continually attacking Tu Mu's shortcomings。  His commentary�察�

though not lacking in merit�察�must rank be

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