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art of war-及26嫗

弌傍�� art of war 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




enemy's forces。  He overawes his opponents�察�and their allies are 

prevented from joining against him。



     ��Mei Tao´ch`en constructs one of the chains of reasoning 

that are so much affected by the Chinese�此   �In attacking a 

powerful state�察 �if you can divide her forces�察�you will have a 

superiority in strength�察�if you have a superiority in strength�察�

you will overawe the enemy�察�if you overawe the enemy�察 �the 

neighboring states will be frightened�察�and if the neighboring 

states are frightened�察�the enemy's allies will be prevented from 

joining her。;  The following gives a stronger meaning�此  �If the 

great state has once been defeated ��before she has had time to 

summon her allies���察�then the lesser states will hold aloof and 

refrain from massing their forces。;  Ch`en Hao and Chang Yu take 

the sentence in quite another way。  The former says�此   �Powerful 

though a prince may be�察�if he attacks a large state�察�he will be 

unable to raise enough troops�察�and must rely to some extent on 

external aid�察 �if he dispenses with this�察�and with overweening 

confidence in his own strength�察�simply tries to intimidate the 

enemy�察�he will surely be defeated。;  Chang Yu puts his view thus�此 �

;If we recklessly attack a large state�察�our own people will be 

discontented and hang back。  But if ��as will then be the case�� 

our display of military force is inferior by half to that of the 

enemy�察 �the other chieftains will take fright and refuse to join 

us。;��



     55。  Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and 

sundry�察�nor does he foster the power of other states。  He carries 

out his own secret designs�察�keeping his antagonists in awe。



     ��The train of thought�察�as said by Li Ch`uan�察�appears to be 

this�此  �Secure against a combination of his enemies�察  �he can 

afford to reject entangling alliances and simply pursue his own 

secret designs�察�his prestige enable him to dispense with external 

friendships。;��



Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their 

kingdoms。



     ��This paragraph�察�though written many years before the Ch`in 

State became a serious menace�察�is not a bad summary of the policy 

by which the famous Six Chancellors gradually paved the way for 

her final triumph under Shih Huang Ti。  Chang Yu�察 �following up 

his previous note�察 �thinks that Sun Tzu is condemning this 

attitude of cold´blooded selfishness and haughty isolation。��



     56。  Bestow rewards without regard to rule��



     ��Wu Tzu ��ch。 3�� less wisely says�此  �Let advance be richly 

rewarded and retreat be heavily punished。;��



issue orders



     ��Literally�察 �hang; or post up。;��



without regard to previous arrangements��



     �А�In order to prevent treachery�察─ �says Wang Hsi。  The 

general meaning is made clear by Ts`ao Kung's quotation from the 

SSU´MA FA�此  �Give instructions only on sighting the enemy�察 �give 

rewards when you see deserving deeds。;  Ts`ao Kung's paraphrase�此 �

;The final instructions you give to your army should not 

correspond with those that have been previously posted up。;  

Chang Yu simplifies this into ;your arrangements should not be 

divulged beforehand。;  And Chia Lin says�此  �there should be no 

fixity in your rules and arrangements。;  Not only is there danger 

in letting your plans be known�察�but war often necessitates the 

entire reversal of them at the last moment。��



and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to 

do with but a single man。



     ��Cf。 supra�察�ss。 34。��



     57。  Confront your soldiers with the deed itself�察�never let 

them know your design。



     ��Literally�察 �do not tell them words�察─�i。e。 do not give your 

reasons for any order。  Lord Mansfield once told a junior 

colleague to ;give no reasons; for his decisions�察�and the maxim 

is even more applicable to a general than to a judge。��



When the outlook is bright�察�bring it before their eyes�察�but tell 

them nothing when the situation is gloomy。

     58。  Place your army in deadly peril�察�and it will survive�察�

plunge it into desperate straits�察�and it will come off in safety。



     ��These words of Sun Tzu were once quoted by Han Hsin in 

explanation of the tactics he employed in one of his most 

brilliant battles�察�already alluded to on p。 28。  In 204 B。C。�察 �he 

was sent against the army of Chao�察�and halted ten miles from the 

mouth of the Ching´hsing pass�察�where the enemy had mustered in 

full force。  Here�察�at midnight�察�he detached a body of 2000 light 

cavalry�察�every man of which was furnished with a red flag。  Their 

instructions were to make their way through narrow defiles and 

keep a secret watch on the enemy。  ;When the men of Chao see me 

in full flight�察─ �Han Hsin said�察  �they will abandon their 

fortifications and give chase。  This must be the sign for you to 

rush in�察�pluck down the Chao standards and set up the red banners 

of Han in their stead。;  Turning then to his other officers�察 �he 

remarked�此   �Our adversary holds a strong position�察�and is not 

likely to come out and attack us until he sees the standard and 

drums of the commander´in´chief�察�for fear I should turn back and 

escape through the mountains。;  So saying�察�he first of all sent 

out a division consisting of 10��000 men�察�and ordered them to form 

in line of battle with their backs to the River Ti。  Seeing this 

maneuver�察 �the whole army of Chao broke into loud laughter。  By 

this time it was broad daylight�察�and Han Hsin�察 �displaying the 

generalissimo's flag�察�marched out of the pass with drums beating�察�

and was immediately engaged by the enemy。  A great battle 

followed�察�lasting for some time�察�until at length Han Hsin and his 

colleague Chang Ni�察�leaving drums and banner on the field�察 �fled 

to the division on the river bank�察�where another fierce battle 

was raging。  The enemy rushed out to pursue them and to secure 

the trophies�察�thus denuding their ramparts of men�察�but the two 

generals succeeded in joining the other army�察�which was fighting 

with the utmost desperation。  The time had now come for the 2000 

horsemen to play their part。  As soon as they saw the men of Chao 

following up their advantage�察�they galloped behind the deserted 

walls�察 �tore up the enemy's flags and replaced them by those of 

Han。  When the Chao army looked back from the pursuit�察�the sight 

of these red flags struck them with terror。  Convinced that the 

Hans had got in and overpowered their king�察�they broke up in wild 

disorder�察�every effort of their leader to stay the panic being in 

vain。  Then the Han army fell on them from both sides and 

completed the rout�察�killing a number and capturing the rest�察�

amongst whom was King Ya himself。。。。  After the battle�察�some of 

Han Hsin's officers came to him and said�此  �In the ART OF WAR we 

are told to have a hill or tumulus on the right rear�察�and a river 

or marsh on the left front。  ��This appears to be a blend of Sun 

Tzu and T`ai Kung。  See IX ss。 9�察�and note。�А  �You�察 �on the 

contrary�察�ordered us to draw up our troops with the river at our 

back。  Under these conditions�察�how did you manage to gain the 

victory�拭─  �The general replied�此  �I fear you gentlemen have not 

studied the Art of War with sufficient care。  Is it not written 

there�此 �'Plunge your army into desperate straits and it will come 

off in safety�察�place it in deadly peril and it will survive'�拭 �

Had I taken the usual course�察�I should never have been able to 

bring my colleague round。  What says the Military Classic'Swoop 

down on the market´place and drive the men off to fight。'   ��This 

passage does not occur in the present text of Sun Tzu。�А �If I had 

not placed my troops in a position where they were obliged to 

fight for their lives�察�but had allowed each man to follow his own 

discretion�察 �there would have been a general debandade�察 �and it 

would have been impossible to do anything with them。;   The 

officers admitted the force of his argument�察�and said�此   �These 

are higher tactics than we should have been capable of。;   ��See 

CH`IEN HAN SHU�察�ch。 34�察�ff。 4�察�5。�А。�



     59。  For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's 

way that is capable of striking a blow for victory。



     ��Danger has a bracing effect。��



     60。  Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating 

ourselves to the enemy's purpose。



     ��Ts`ao Kung says�此  �Feign stupidity;by an appearance of 

yielding and falling in with the enemy's wishes。  Chang Yu's note 

makes the meaning clear�此  �If the enemy shows an inclination to 

advance�察�lure him on to do so�察�if he is anxious to retreat�察�delay 

on purpose that he may carry out his intention。;  The object is 

to make him remiss and contemptuous before we deliver our 

attack。��



     61。  By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank��



     ��I understand the first four words to mean ;accompanying the 

enemy in one direction。;  Ts`ao Kung says�此  �unite the soldiers 

and make for the enemy。;  But such a violent displacement of 

characters is quite indefensible。��



we shall succeed in the long run



     ��Literally�察 �after a thousand LI。;��



in killing the commander´in´chief。



     ��Always a great point with the Chinese。��



     62。  This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer 

cunning。

     63。  On the day that you take up your command�察 �block the 

frontier passes�察�destroy the official tallies��



     ��These were tablets of bamboo or wood�察�one half of which was 

issued as a permit or passport by the official in charge of a 

gate。  Cf。 the ;border´warden; of LUN YU III。 24�察�who may have 

had similar duties。  When this half was returned to him�察�within a 

fixed period�察 �he was authorized to open the gate and let the 

traveler through。��




and stop the passage of all emissaries。



     ��Either to or from the enemy's country。��



     64。  Be stern in the council´chamber��



     ��Show no weakness�察�and insist on your plans being ratified 

by the sovereign。��



so that you may control the situation。



     ��Mei Yao´ch`en understands the whole sentence to mean�此 �Take 

the   strictest   precautions   to   ensure   secrecy   in   your 

deliberations。��



     65。  If the enemy leaves a door open�察�you must rush in。

     66。  Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear��



     ��Cf。 supra�察�ss。 18。��



and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground。



     ��Ch`en Hao`s explanation�此  �If I manage to seize a favorable 

position�察 �but the enemy does not appear on the scene�察 �the 

advantage thus obtained cannot be turned to any practical 

account。  He who intends therefore�察�to occupy a position of 

importance to the enemy�察 �must begin by making an   artful 

appointment�察 �so to speak�察�with his antagonist�察�and cajole him 

into going there as well。;  Mei Yao´ch`en explains that this 

;artful appointment;  is to be made through the medium of the 

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