art of war-及26嫗
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enemy's forces。 He overawes his opponents�察�and their allies are
prevented from joining against him。
��Mei Tao´ch`en constructs one of the chains of reasoning
that are so much affected by the Chinese�此 �In attacking a
powerful state�察 �if you can divide her forces�察�you will have a
superiority in strength�察�if you have a superiority in strength�察�
you will overawe the enemy�察�if you overawe the enemy�察 �the
neighboring states will be frightened�察�and if the neighboring
states are frightened�察�the enemy's allies will be prevented from
joining her。; The following gives a stronger meaning�此 �If the
great state has once been defeated ��before she has had time to
summon her allies���察�then the lesser states will hold aloof and
refrain from massing their forces。; Ch`en Hao and Chang Yu take
the sentence in quite another way。 The former says�此 �Powerful
though a prince may be�察�if he attacks a large state�察�he will be
unable to raise enough troops�察�and must rely to some extent on
external aid�察 �if he dispenses with this�察�and with overweening
confidence in his own strength�察�simply tries to intimidate the
enemy�察�he will surely be defeated。; Chang Yu puts his view thus�此 �
;If we recklessly attack a large state�察�our own people will be
discontented and hang back。 But if ��as will then be the case��
our display of military force is inferior by half to that of the
enemy�察 �the other chieftains will take fright and refuse to join
us。;��
55。 Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and
sundry�察�nor does he foster the power of other states。 He carries
out his own secret designs�察�keeping his antagonists in awe。
��The train of thought�察�as said by Li Ch`uan�察�appears to be
this�此 �Secure against a combination of his enemies�察 �he can
afford to reject entangling alliances and simply pursue his own
secret designs�察�his prestige enable him to dispense with external
friendships。;��
Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their
kingdoms。
��This paragraph�察�though written many years before the Ch`in
State became a serious menace�察�is not a bad summary of the policy
by which the famous Six Chancellors gradually paved the way for
her final triumph under Shih Huang Ti。 Chang Yu�察 �following up
his previous note�察 �thinks that Sun Tzu is condemning this
attitude of cold´blooded selfishness and haughty isolation。��
56。 Bestow rewards without regard to rule��
��Wu Tzu ��ch。 3�� less wisely says�此 �Let advance be richly
rewarded and retreat be heavily punished。;��
issue orders
��Literally�察 �hang; or post up。;��
without regard to previous arrangements��
�А�In order to prevent treachery�察─ �says Wang Hsi。 The
general meaning is made clear by Ts`ao Kung's quotation from the
SSU´MA FA�此 �Give instructions only on sighting the enemy�察 �give
rewards when you see deserving deeds。; Ts`ao Kung's paraphrase�此 �
;The final instructions you give to your army should not
correspond with those that have been previously posted up。;
Chang Yu simplifies this into ;your arrangements should not be
divulged beforehand。; And Chia Lin says�此 �there should be no
fixity in your rules and arrangements。; Not only is there danger
in letting your plans be known�察�but war often necessitates the
entire reversal of them at the last moment。��
and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to
do with but a single man。
��Cf。 supra�察�ss。 34。��
57。 Confront your soldiers with the deed itself�察�never let
them know your design。
��Literally�察 �do not tell them words�察─�i。e。 do not give your
reasons for any order。 Lord Mansfield once told a junior
colleague to ;give no reasons; for his decisions�察�and the maxim
is even more applicable to a general than to a judge。��
When the outlook is bright�察�bring it before their eyes�察�but tell
them nothing when the situation is gloomy。
58。 Place your army in deadly peril�察�and it will survive�察�
plunge it into desperate straits�察�and it will come off in safety。
��These words of Sun Tzu were once quoted by Han Hsin in
explanation of the tactics he employed in one of his most
brilliant battles�察�already alluded to on p。 28。 In 204 B。C。�察 �he
was sent against the army of Chao�察�and halted ten miles from the
mouth of the Ching´hsing pass�察�where the enemy had mustered in
full force。 Here�察�at midnight�察�he detached a body of 2000 light
cavalry�察�every man of which was furnished with a red flag。 Their
instructions were to make their way through narrow defiles and
keep a secret watch on the enemy。 ;When the men of Chao see me
in full flight�察─ �Han Hsin said�察 �they will abandon their
fortifications and give chase。 This must be the sign for you to
rush in�察�pluck down the Chao standards and set up the red banners
of Han in their stead。; Turning then to his other officers�察 �he
remarked�此 �Our adversary holds a strong position�察�and is not
likely to come out and attack us until he sees the standard and
drums of the commander´in´chief�察�for fear I should turn back and
escape through the mountains。; So saying�察�he first of all sent
out a division consisting of 10��000 men�察�and ordered them to form
in line of battle with their backs to the River Ti。 Seeing this
maneuver�察 �the whole army of Chao broke into loud laughter。 By
this time it was broad daylight�察�and Han Hsin�察 �displaying the
generalissimo's flag�察�marched out of the pass with drums beating�察�
and was immediately engaged by the enemy。 A great battle
followed�察�lasting for some time�察�until at length Han Hsin and his
colleague Chang Ni�察�leaving drums and banner on the field�察 �fled
to the division on the river bank�察�where another fierce battle
was raging。 The enemy rushed out to pursue them and to secure
the trophies�察�thus denuding their ramparts of men�察�but the two
generals succeeded in joining the other army�察�which was fighting
with the utmost desperation。 The time had now come for the 2000
horsemen to play their part。 As soon as they saw the men of Chao
following up their advantage�察�they galloped behind the deserted
walls�察 �tore up the enemy's flags and replaced them by those of
Han。 When the Chao army looked back from the pursuit�察�the sight
of these red flags struck them with terror。 Convinced that the
Hans had got in and overpowered their king�察�they broke up in wild
disorder�察�every effort of their leader to stay the panic being in
vain。 Then the Han army fell on them from both sides and
completed the rout�察�killing a number and capturing the rest�察�
amongst whom was King Ya himself。。。。 After the battle�察�some of
Han Hsin's officers came to him and said�此 �In the ART OF WAR we
are told to have a hill or tumulus on the right rear�察�and a river
or marsh on the left front。 ��This appears to be a blend of Sun
Tzu and T`ai Kung。 See IX ss。 9�察�and note。�А �You�察 �on the
contrary�察�ordered us to draw up our troops with the river at our
back。 Under these conditions�察�how did you manage to gain the
victory�拭─ �The general replied�此 �I fear you gentlemen have not
studied the Art of War with sufficient care。 Is it not written
there�此 �'Plunge your army into desperate straits and it will come
off in safety�察�place it in deadly peril and it will survive'�拭 �
Had I taken the usual course�察�I should never have been able to
bring my colleague round。 What says the Military Classic'Swoop
down on the market´place and drive the men off to fight。' ��This
passage does not occur in the present text of Sun Tzu。�А �If I had
not placed my troops in a position where they were obliged to
fight for their lives�察�but had allowed each man to follow his own
discretion�察 �there would have been a general debandade�察 �and it
would have been impossible to do anything with them。; The
officers admitted the force of his argument�察�and said�此 �These
are higher tactics than we should have been capable of。; ��See
CH`IEN HAN SHU�察�ch。 34�察�ff。 4�察�5。�А。�
59。 For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's
way that is capable of striking a blow for victory。
��Danger has a bracing effect。��
60。 Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating
ourselves to the enemy's purpose。
��Ts`ao Kung says�此 �Feign stupidity;by an appearance of
yielding and falling in with the enemy's wishes。 Chang Yu's note
makes the meaning clear�此 �If the enemy shows an inclination to
advance�察�lure him on to do so�察�if he is anxious to retreat�察�delay
on purpose that he may carry out his intention。; The object is
to make him remiss and contemptuous before we deliver our
attack。��
61。 By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank��
��I understand the first four words to mean ;accompanying the
enemy in one direction。; Ts`ao Kung says�此 �unite the soldiers
and make for the enemy。; But such a violent displacement of
characters is quite indefensible。��
we shall succeed in the long run
��Literally�察 �after a thousand LI。;��
in killing the commander´in´chief。
��Always a great point with the Chinese。��
62。 This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer
cunning。
63。 On the day that you take up your command�察 �block the
frontier passes�察�destroy the official tallies��
��These were tablets of bamboo or wood�察�one half of which was
issued as a permit or passport by the official in charge of a
gate。 Cf。 the ;border´warden; of LUN YU III。 24�察�who may have
had similar duties。 When this half was returned to him�察�within a
fixed period�察 �he was authorized to open the gate and let the
traveler through。��
and stop the passage of all emissaries。
��Either to or from the enemy's country。��
64。 Be stern in the council´chamber��
��Show no weakness�察�and insist on your plans being ratified
by the sovereign。��
so that you may control the situation。
��Mei Yao´ch`en understands the whole sentence to mean�此 �Take
the strictest precautions to ensure secrecy in your
deliberations。��
65。 If the enemy leaves a door open�察�you must rush in。
66。 Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear��
��Cf。 supra�察�ss。 18。��
and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground。
��Ch`en Hao`s explanation�此 �If I manage to seize a favorable
position�察 �but the enemy does not appear on the scene�察 �the
advantage thus obtained cannot be turned to any practical
account。 He who intends therefore�察�to occupy a position of
importance to the enemy�察 �must begin by making an artful
appointment�察 �so to speak�察�with his antagonist�察�and cajole him
into going there as well。; Mei Yao´ch`en explains that this
;artful appointment; is to be made through the medium of the