art of war-及23嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
directions and thus render him helpless。 ��Cf。 III。 ss。 3。�А �By
boldly seizing the initiative in this way�察�you at once throw the
other side on the defensive。��
19。 Rapidity is the essence of war��
��According to Tu Mu�察 �this is a summary of leading
principles in warfare�察─�and he adds�此 �These are the profoundest
truths of military science�察 �and the chief business of the
general。; The following anecdotes�察�told by Ho Shih�察 �shows the
importance attached to speed by two of China's greatest generals。
In 227 A。D。�察 �Meng Ta�察�governor of Hsin´ch`eng under the Wei
Emperor Wen Ti�察�was meditating defection to the House of Shu�察�and
had entered into correspondence with Chu´ko Liang�察�Prime Minister
of that State。 The Wei general Ssu´ma I was then military
governor of Wan�察�and getting wind of Meng Ta's treachery�察�he at
once set off with an army to anticipate his revolt�察 �having
previously cajoled him by a specious message of friendly import。
Ssu´ma's officers came to him and said�此 �If Meng Ta has leagued
himself with Wu and Shu�察 �the matter should be thoroughly
investigated before we make a move。; Ssu´ma I replied�此 �Meng Ta
is an unprincipled man�察�and we ought to go and punish him at
once�察�while he is still wavering and before he has thrown off the
mask。; Then�察�by a series of forced marches�察�be brought his army
under the walls of Hsin´ch`eng with in a space of eight days。
Now Meng Ta had previously said in a letter to Chu´ko Liang�此 �
;Wan is 1200 LI from here。 When the news of my revolt reaches
Ssu´ma I�察�he will at once inform his imperial master�察�but it will
be a whole month before any steps can be taken�察�and by that time
my city will be well fortified。 Besides�察�Ssu´ma I is sure not to
come himself�察�and the generals that will be sent against us are
not worth troubling about。; The next letter�察�however�察�was filled
with consternation�此 �Though only eight days have passed since I
threw off my allegiance�察�an army is already at the city´gates。
What miraculous rapidity is this� ─ �A fortnight later�察 �Hsin´
ch`eng had fallen and Meng Ta had lost his head。 ��See
CHIN SHU�察 �ch。 1�察�f。 3。�А �In 621 A。D。�察�Li Ching was sent from
K`uei´chou in Ssu´ch`uan to reduce the successful rebel Hsiao
Hsien�察 �who had set up as Emperor at the modern Ching´chou Fu in
Hupeh。 It was autumn�察�and the Yangtsze being then in flood�察�
Hsiao Hsien never dreamt that his adversary would venture to come
down through the gorges�察�and consequently made no preparations。
But Li Ching embarked his army without loss of time�察�and was just
about to start when the other generals implored him to postpone
his departure until the river was in a less dangerous state for
navigation。 Li Ching replied�此 �To the soldier�察 �overwhelming
speed is of paramount importance�察 �and he must never miss
opportunities。 Now is the time to strike�察�before Hsiao Hsien
even knows that we have got an army together。 If we seize the
present moment when the river is in flood�察�we shall appear before
his capital with startling suddenness�察�like the thunder which is
heard before you have time to stop your ears against it。 ��See
VII。 ss。 19�察�note。�А �This is the great principle in war。 Even if
he gets to know of our approach�察�he will have to levy his
soldiers in such a hurry that they will not be fit to oppose us。
Thus the full fruits of victory will be ours。; All came about as
he predicted�察 �and Hsiao Hsien was obliged to surrender�察 �nobly
stipulating that his people should be spared and he alone suffer
the penalty of death。��
take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness�察�make your way by
unexpected routes�察�and attack unguarded spots。
20。 The following are the principles to be observed by an
invading force�此 �The further you penetrate into a country�察 �the
greater will be the solidarity of your troops�察 �and thus the
defenders will not prevail against you。
21。 Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your
army with food。
��Cf。 supra�察�ss。 13。 Li Ch`uan does not venture on a note
here。��
22。 Carefully study the well´being of your men��
��For ;well´being;�察�Wang Hsi means�察 �Pet them�察 �humor them�察�
give them plenty of food and drink�察 �and look after them
generally。;��
and do not overtax them。 Concentrate your energy and hoard your
strength。
��Ch`en recalls the line of action adopted in 224 B。C。 by the
famous general Wang Chien�察 �whose military genius largely
contributed to the success of the First Emperor。 He had invaded
the Ch`u State�察�where a universal levy was made to oppose him。
But�察�being doubtful of the temper of his troops�察�he declined all
invitations to fight and remained strictly on the defensive。 In
vain did the Ch`u general try to force a battle�此 �day after day
Wang Chien kept inside his walls and would not come out�察 �but
devoted his whole time and energy to winning the affection and
confidence of his men。 He took care that they should be well
fed�察 �sharing his own meals with them�察�provided facilities for
bathing�察 �and employed every method of judicious indulgence to
weld them into a loyal and homogenous body。 After some time had
elapsed�察�he told off certain persons to find out how the men were
amusing themselves。 The answer was�察�that they were contending
with one another in putting the weight and long´jumping。 When
Wang Chien heard that they were engaged in these athletic
pursuits�察 �he knew that their spirits had been strung up to the
required pitch and that they were now ready for fighting。 By
this time the Ch`u army�察�after repeating their challenge again
and again�察 �had marched away eastwards in disgust。 The Ch`in
general immediately broke up his camp and followed them�察�and in
the battle that ensued they were routed with great slaughter。
Shortly afterwards�察�the whole of Ch`u was conquered by Ch`in�察�and
the king Fu´ch`u led into captivity。��
Keep your army continually on the move��
��In order that the enemy may never know exactly where you
are。 It has struck me�察�however�察�that the true reading might be
;link your army together。;��
and devise unfathomable plans。
23。 Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no
escape�察�and they will prefer death to flight。 If they will face
death�察�there is nothing they may not achieve。
��Chang Yu quotes his favorite Wei Liao Tzu ��ch。 3���此 �If one
man were to run amok with a sword in the market´place�察 �and
everybody else tried to get our of his way�察�I should not allow
that this man alone had courage and that all the rest were
contemptible cowards。 The truth is�察�that a desperado and a man
who sets some value on his life do not meet on even terms。;��
Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength。
��Chang Yu says�此 �If they are in an awkward place together�察�
they will surely exert their united strength to get out of it。;��
24。 Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of
fear。 If there is no place of refuge�察�they will stand firm。 If
they are in hostile country�察�they will show a stubborn front。 If
there is no help for it�察�they will fight hard。
25。 Thus�察 �without waiting to be marshaled�察 �the soldiers
will be constantly on the qui vive�察�without waiting to be asked�察�
they will do your will��
��Literally�察 �without asking�察�you will get。;��
without restrictions�察 �they will be faithful�察 �without giving
orders�察�they can be trusted。
26。 Prohibit the taking of omens�察 �and do away with
superstitious doubts。 Then�察 �until death itself comes�察 �no
calamity need be feared。
��The superstitious�察 �bound in to saucy doubts and fears�察─�
degenerate into cowards and ;die many times before their deaths。;
Tu Mu quotes Huang Shih´kung�此 �'Spells and incantations should
be strictly forbidden�察 �and no officer allowed to inquire by
divination into the fortunes of an army�察�for fear the soldiers'
minds should be seriously perturbed。' The meaning is�察─ �he
continues�察 �that if all doubts and scruples are discarded�察 �your
men will never falter in their resolution until they die。;��
27。 If our soldiers are not overburdened with money�察�it is
not because they have a distaste for riches�察�if their lives are
not unduly long�察 �it is not because they are disinclined to
longevity。
��Chang Yu has the best note on this passage�此 �Wealth and
long life are things for which all men have a natural
inclination。 Hence�察�if they burn or fling away valuables�察 �and
sacrifice their own lives�察�it is not that they dislike them�察 �but
simply that they have no choice。; Sun Tzu is slyly insinuating
that�察 �as soldiers are but human�察�it is for the general to see
that temptations to shirk fighting and grow rich are not thrown
in their way。��
28。 On the day they are ordered out to battle�察 �your
soldiers may weep��
��The word in the Chinese is ;snivel。; This is taken to
indicate more genuine grief than tears alone。��
those sitting up bedewing their garments�察�and those lying down
letting the tears run down their cheeks。
��Not because they are afraid�察�but because�察�as Ts`ao Kung
says�察 �all have embraced the firm resolution to do or die。; We
may remember that the heroes of the Iliad were equally childlike
in showing their emotion。 Chang Yu alludes to the mournful
parting at the I River between Ching K`o and his friends�察 �when
the former was sent to attempt the life of the King of Ch`in
��afterwards First Emperor�� in 227 B。C。 The tears of all flowed
down like rain as he bade them farewell and uttered the following
lines�此 �The shrill blast is blowing�察�Chilly the burn�察 �Your
champion is goingNot to return。; ��1�А。�
But let them once be brought to bay�察�and they will display the
courage of a Chu or a Kuei。
��Chu was the personal name of Chuan Chu�察�a native of the Wu
State and contemporary with Sun Tzu himself�察�who was employed by
Kung´tzu Kuang�察�better known as Ho Lu Wang�察�to assassinate his
sovereign Wang Liao with a dagger which he secreted in the belly
of a fish served up at a banquet。 He succeeded in his attempt�察�
but was immediately hacked to pieced by the king's bodyguard。
This was in 515 B。C。 The other hero referred to�察�Ts`ao Kuei ��or
Ts`ao Mo���察�performed the exploit which has made his name famous
166 years earlier�察�in 681 B。C。 Lu had been thrice defeated by
Ch`i�察 �and was just about to conclude a treaty surrendering a
large slice of territory�察�when Ts`ao Kuei suddenly seized Huan
Kung�察�the Duke of Ch`i�察�as he stood on the altar steps and held a
dagger against his chest。 None of the duke's retainers dared to
move a muscle�察 �and Ts`ao Kuei proceeded to demand full
restitution�察�declaring the Lu was being