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directions and thus render him helpless。  ��Cf。 III。 ss。 3。�А  �By 

boldly seizing the initiative in this way�察�you at once throw the 

other side on the defensive。��



     19。  Rapidity is the essence of war��



     ��According to Tu Mu�察  �this is a summary of   leading 

principles in warfare�察─�and he adds�此  �These are the profoundest 

truths of military science�察 �and the chief business of the 

general。;   The following anecdotes�察�told by Ho Shih�察 �shows the 

importance attached to speed by two of China's greatest generals。  

In 227 A。D。�察 �Meng Ta�察�governor of Hsin´ch`eng under the Wei 

Emperor Wen Ti�察�was meditating defection to the House of Shu�察�and 

had entered into correspondence with Chu´ko Liang�察�Prime Minister 

of that State。  The Wei general Ssu´ma I was then military 

governor of Wan�察�and getting wind of Meng Ta's treachery�察�he at 

once set off with an army to anticipate his revolt�察 �having 

previously cajoled him by a specious message of friendly import。  

Ssu´ma's officers came to him and said�此  �If Meng Ta has leagued 

himself with Wu and Shu�察 �the matter should be thoroughly 

investigated before we make a move。;  Ssu´ma I replied�此  �Meng Ta 

is an unprincipled man�察�and we ought to go and punish him at 

once�察�while he is still wavering and before he has thrown off the 

mask。;  Then�察�by a series of forced marches�察�be brought his army 

under the walls of Hsin´ch`eng with in a space of eight days。  

Now Meng Ta had previously said in a letter to Chu´ko Liang�此 �

;Wan is 1200 LI from here。  When the news of my revolt reaches 

Ssu´ma I�察�he will at once inform his imperial master�察�but it will 

be a whole month before any steps can be taken�察�and by that time 

my city will be well fortified。  Besides�察�Ssu´ma I is sure not to 

come himself�察�and the generals that will be sent against us are 

not worth troubling about。;  The next letter�察�however�察�was filled 

with consternation�此  �Though only eight days have passed since I 

threw off my allegiance�察�an army is already at the city´gates。  

What miraculous rapidity is this� ─ �A fortnight later�察 �Hsin´

ch`eng had fallen and Meng Ta had lost his head。   ��See 

CHIN SHU�察 �ch。 1�察�f。 3。�А �In 621 A。D。�察�Li Ching was sent from 

K`uei´chou in Ssu´ch`uan to reduce the successful rebel Hsiao 

Hsien�察 �who had set up as Emperor at the modern Ching´chou Fu in 

Hupeh。  It was autumn�察�and the Yangtsze being then in flood�察�

Hsiao Hsien never dreamt that his adversary would venture to come 

down through the gorges�察�and consequently made no preparations。  

But Li Ching embarked his army without loss of time�察�and was just 

about to start when the other generals implored him to postpone 

his departure until the river was in a less dangerous state for 

navigation。  Li Ching replied�此  �To the soldier�察 �overwhelming 

speed is of paramount importance�察 �and he must never miss 

opportunities。  Now is the time to strike�察�before Hsiao Hsien 

even knows that we have got an army together。  If we seize the 

present moment when the river is in flood�察�we shall appear before 

his capital with startling suddenness�察�like the thunder which is 

heard before you have time to stop your ears against it。  ��See 

VII。 ss。 19�察�note。�А �This is the great principle in war。  Even if 

he gets to know of our approach�察�he will have to levy his 

soldiers in such a hurry that they will not be fit to oppose us。  

Thus the full fruits of victory will be ours。;  All came about as 

he predicted�察 �and Hsiao Hsien was obliged to surrender�察 �nobly 

stipulating that his people should be spared and he alone suffer 

the penalty of death。��



take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness�察�make your way by 

unexpected routes�察�and attack unguarded spots。

     20。  The following are the principles to be observed by an 

invading force�此 �The further you penetrate into a country�察 �the 

greater will be the solidarity of your troops�察 �and thus the 

defenders will not prevail against you。

     21。  Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your 

army with food。



     ��Cf。  supra�察�ss。 13。  Li Ch`uan does not venture on a note 

here。��



     22。 Carefully study the well´being of your men��



     ��For  ;well´being;�察�Wang Hsi means�察 �Pet them�察 �humor them�察�

give them plenty of food and drink�察 �and look after them 

generally。;��



and do not overtax them。  Concentrate your energy and hoard your 

strength。



     ��Ch`en recalls the line of action adopted in 224 B。C。 by the 

famous   general Wang Chien�察 �whose military genius   largely 

contributed to the success of the First Emperor。  He had invaded 

the Ch`u State�察�where a universal levy was made to oppose him。 

But�察�being doubtful of the temper of his troops�察�he declined all 

invitations to fight and remained strictly on the defensive。  In 

vain did the Ch`u general try to force a battle�此 �day after day 

Wang Chien kept inside his walls and would not come out�察 �but 

devoted his whole time and energy to winning the affection and 

confidence of his men。  He took care that they should be well 

fed�察 �sharing his own meals with them�察�provided facilities for 

bathing�察 �and employed every method of judicious indulgence to 

weld them into a loyal and homogenous body。  After some time had 

elapsed�察�he told off certain persons to find out how the men were 

amusing themselves。  The answer was�察�that they were contending 

with one another in putting the weight and long´jumping。  When 

Wang Chien heard that they were engaged in these athletic 

pursuits�察 �he knew that their spirits had been strung up to the 

required pitch and that they were now ready for fighting。  By 

this time the Ch`u army�察�after repeating their challenge again 

and again�察 �had marched away eastwards in disgust。  The Ch`in 

general immediately broke up his camp and followed them�察�and in 

the battle that ensued they were routed with great slaughter。  

Shortly afterwards�察�the whole of Ch`u was conquered by Ch`in�察�and 

the king Fu´ch`u led into captivity。��



Keep your army continually on the move��



     ��In order that the enemy may never know exactly where you 

are。  It has struck me�察�however�察�that the true reading might be 

;link your army together。;��



and devise unfathomable plans。

     23。  Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no 

escape�察�and they will prefer death to flight。  If they will face 

death�察�there is nothing they may not achieve。



     ��Chang Yu quotes his favorite Wei Liao Tzu ��ch。 3���此  �If one 

man were to run amok with a sword in the market´place�察 �and 

everybody else tried to get our of his way�察�I should not allow 

that this man alone had courage and that all the rest were 

contemptible cowards。  The truth is�察�that a desperado and a man 

who sets some value on his life do not meet on even terms。;��



Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength。



     ��Chang Yu says�此  �If they are in an awkward place together�察�

they will surely exert their united strength to get out of it。;��



     24。  Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of 

fear。  If there is no place of refuge�察�they will stand firm。  If 

they are in hostile country�察�they will show a stubborn front。  If 

there is no help for it�察�they will fight hard。

     25。  Thus�察 �without waiting to be marshaled�察 �the soldiers 

will be constantly on the qui vive�察�without waiting to be asked�察�

they will do your will��



     ��Literally�察 �without asking�察�you will get。;��



without restrictions�察 �they will be faithful�察 �without giving 

orders�察�they can be trusted。

     26。  Prohibit the taking of omens�察 �and do away with 

superstitious doubts。  Then�察 �until death itself comes�察  �no 

calamity need be feared。



     ��The superstitious�察 �bound in to saucy doubts and fears�察─�

degenerate into cowards and ;die many times before their deaths。;  

Tu Mu quotes Huang Shih´kung�此  �'Spells and incantations should 

be strictly forbidden�察 �and no officer allowed to inquire by 

divination into the fortunes of an army�察�for fear the soldiers' 

minds should be seriously perturbed。'   The meaning is�察─ �he 

continues�察  �that if all doubts and scruples are discarded�察 �your 

men will never falter in their resolution until they die。;��



     27。  If our soldiers are not overburdened with money�察�it is 

not because they have a distaste for riches�察�if their lives are 

not unduly long�察 �it is not because they are disinclined to 

longevity。



     ��Chang Yu has the best note on this passage�此   �Wealth and 

long   life are things for which all men have a   natural 

inclination。  Hence�察�if they burn or fling away valuables�察 �and 

sacrifice their own lives�察�it is not that they dislike them�察 �but 

simply that they have no choice。;  Sun Tzu is slyly insinuating 

that�察 �as soldiers are but human�察�it is for the general to see 

that temptations to shirk fighting and grow rich are not thrown 

in their way。��



     28。  On the day they are ordered out to battle�察 �your 

soldiers may weep��



     ��The word in the Chinese is ;snivel。;  This is taken to 

indicate more genuine grief than tears alone。��



those sitting up bedewing their garments�察�and those lying down 

letting the tears run down their cheeks。



     ��Not because they are afraid�察�but because�察�as Ts`ao Kung 

says�察  �all have embraced the firm resolution to do or die。;   We 

may remember that the heroes of the Iliad were equally childlike 

in showing their emotion。  Chang Yu alludes to the mournful 

parting at the I River between Ching K`o and his friends�察 �when 

the former was sent to attempt the life of the King of Ch`in 

��afterwards First Emperor�� in 227 B。C。  The tears of all flowed 

down like rain as he bade them farewell and uttered the following 

lines�此   �The shrill blast is blowing�察�Chilly the burn�察 �Your 

champion is goingNot to return。; ��1�А。�



But let them once be brought to bay�察�and they will display the 

courage of a Chu or a Kuei。



     ��Chu was the personal name of Chuan Chu�察�a native of the Wu 

State and contemporary with Sun Tzu himself�察�who was employed by 

Kung´tzu Kuang�察�better known as Ho Lu Wang�察�to assassinate his 

sovereign Wang Liao with a dagger which he secreted in the belly 

of a fish served up at a banquet。  He succeeded in his attempt�察�

but was immediately hacked to pieced by the king's bodyguard。  

This was in 515 B。C。  The other hero referred to�察�Ts`ao Kuei  ��or 

Ts`ao Mo���察�performed the exploit which has made his name famous 

166 years earlier�察�in 681 B。C。  Lu had been thrice defeated by 

Ch`i�察 �and was just about to conclude a treaty surrendering a 

large slice of territory�察�when Ts`ao Kuei suddenly seized Huan 

Kung�察�the Duke of Ch`i�察�as he stood on the altar steps and held a 

dagger against his chest。  None of the duke's retainers dared to 

move   a muscle�察 �and Ts`ao Kuei proceeded to demand   full 

restitution�察�declaring the Lu was being

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