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art of war-及2嫗

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  when occasion requires。  He will not use armed force unless 

  driven to it by necessity。

       Many books have I read on the subject of war and 

  fighting�察�but the work composed by Sun Wu is the profoundest 

  of them all。  ��Sun Tzu was a native of the Ch`i state�察 �his 

  personal name was Wu。  He wrote the ART OF WAR in 13 chapters 

  for Ho Lu�察�King of Wu。  Its principles were tested on women�察�

  and he was subsequently made a general。  He led an army 

  westwards�察 �crushed the Ch`u state and entered Ying the 

  capital。  In the north�察�he kept Ch`i and Chin in awe。  A 

  hundred years and more after his time�察�Sun Pin lived。 He was 

  a descendant of Wu。�А。�13�А �In his treatment of deliberation 

  and planning�察�the importance of rapidity in taking the field�察�

  ��14�А�clearness of conception�察�and depth of design�察 �Sun Tzu 

  stands beyond the reach of carping criticism。  My 

  contemporaries�察�however�察�have failed to grasp the full 

  meaning of his instructions�察�and while putting into practice 

  the smaller details in which his work abounds�察 �they have 

  overlooked its essential purport。  That is the motive which 

  has led me to outline a rough explanation of the whole。



     One thing to be noticed in the above is the explicit 

statement that the 13 chapters were specially composed for King 

Ho Lu。  This is supported by the internal evidence of I。 ss。 15�察�

in which it seems clear that some ruler is addressed。

     In the bibliographic section of the HAN SHU�察�there is an 

entry which has given rise to much discussion�此  �The works of Sun 

Tzu of Wu in 82 P`IEN ��or chapters���察�with diagrams in 9 CHUAN。;  

It is evident that this cannot be merely the 13 chapters known to 

Ssu´ma Ch`ien�察 �or those we possess today。  Chang Shou´chieh 

refers to an edition of Sun Tzu's ART OF WAR of which the ;13 

chapters; formed the first CHUAN�察�adding that there were two 

other CHUAN besides。  This has brought forth a theory�察�that the 

bulk of these 82 chapters consisted of other writings of Sun Tzu 

  we should call them apocryphal  similar to the WEN TA�察�of 

which a specimen dealing with the Nine Situations ��15�А�is 

preserved in the T`UNG TIEN�察�and another in Ho Shin's commentary。  

It is suggested that before his interview with Ho Lu�察�Sun Tzu had 

only written the 13 chapters�察�but afterwards composed a sort of 

exegesis in the form of question and answer between himself and 

the King。  Pi I´hsun�察�the author of the SUN TZU HSU LU�察�backs 

this up with a quotation from the WU YUEH CH`UN CH`IU�此  �The King 

of Wu summoned Sun Tzu�察�and asked him questions about the art of 

war。  Each time he set forth a chapter of his work�察�the King 

could not find words enough to praise him。;  As he points out�察�if 

the whole work was expounded on the same scale as in the above´

mentioned fragments�察�the total number of chapters could not fail 

to be considerable。  Then the numerous other treatises attributed 

to Sun Tzu might be included。  The fact that the HAN CHIH 

mentions no work of Sun Tzu except the 82 P`IEN�察�whereas the Sui 

and T`ang bibliographies give the titles of others in addition to 

the ;13 chapters�察─�is good proof�察�Pi I´hsun thinks�察�that all of 

these were contained in the 82 P`IEN。  Without pinning our faith 

to the accuracy of details supplied by the WU YUEH CH`UN CH`IU�察�

or admitting the genuineness of any of the treatises cited by Pi 

I´hsun�察 �we may see in this theory a probable solution of the 

mystery。  Between Ssu´ma Ch`ien and Pan Ku there was plenty of 

time for a luxuriant crop of forgeries to have grown up under the 

magic name of Sun Tzu�察�and the 82 P`IEN may very well represent a 

collected edition of these lumped together with the original 

work。  It is also possible�察�though less likely�察�that some of them 

existed in the time of the earlier historian and were purposely 

ignored by him。 ��16��

     Tu Mu's conjecture seems to be based on a passage which 

states�此  �Wei Wu Ti strung together Sun Wu's Art of War�察─�which 

in turn may have resulted from a misunderstanding of the final 

words of Ts`ao King's preface。  This�察�as Sun Hsing´yen points 

out�察�is only a modest way of saying that he made an explanatory 

paraphrase�察�or in other words�察�wrote a commentary on it。  On the 

whole�察�this theory has met with very little acceptance。  Thus�察 �

the SSU K`U CH`UAN SHU says�此  �The mention of the 13 chapters in 

the SHIH CHI shows that they were in existence before the HAN 

CHIH�察�and that latter accretions are not to be considered part of 

the original work。  Tu Mu's assertion can certainly not be taken 

as proof。;

     There is every reason to suppose�察�then�察�that the 13 chapters 

existed in the time of Ssu´ma Ch`ien practically as we have them 

now。  That the work was then well known he tells us in so many 

words。  ;Sun Tzu's 13 Chapters and Wu Ch`i's Art of War are the 

two books that people commonly refer to on the subject of 

military matters。  Both of them are widely distributed�察�so I will 

not discuss them here。;  But as we go further back�察�serious 

difficulties begin to arise。  The salient fact which has to be 

faced is that the TSO CHUAN�察�the greatest contemporary record�察�

makes no mention whatsoever of Sun Wu�察�either as a general or as 

a writer。  It is natural�察�in view of this awkward circumstance�察�

that many scholars should not only cast doubt on the story of Sun 

Wu as given in the SHIH CHI�察�but even show themselves frankly 

skeptical as to the existence of the man at all。  The most 

powerful presentment of this side of the case is to be found in 

the following disposition by Yeh Shui´hsin�此。�17�А�



       It is stated in Ssu´ma Ch`ien's history that Sun Wu was 

  a native of the Ch`i State�察�and employed by Wu�察�and that in 

  the reign of Ho Lu he crushed Ch`u�察�entered Ying�察�and was a 

  great general。  But in Tso's Commentary no Sun Wu appears at 

  all。  It is true that Tso's Commentary need not contain 

  absolutely everything that other histories contain。  But Tso 

  has not omitted to mention vulgar plebeians and hireling 

  ruffians such as Ying K`ao´shu�察。�18�А�Ts`ao Kuei�察 。�19�В察 �Chu 

  Chih´wu and Chuan She´chu ��20�А�  In the case of Sun Wu�察�whose 

  fame and achievements were so brilliant�察�the omission is much 

  more glaring。  Again�察�details are given�察�in their due order�察�

  about his contemporaries Wu Yuan and the Minister P`ei。  ��21�А �

  Is it credible that Sun Wu alone should have been passed 

  over��

       In point of literary style�察�Sun Tzu's work belongs to 

  the same school as KUAN TZU�察。�22�А�LIU T`AO�察。�23�А�and the YUEH 

  YU ��24�А�and may have been the production of some private 

  scholar living towards the end of the ;Spring and Autumn; or 

  the beginning of the ;Warring States; period。 ��25�А �The story 

  that his precepts were actually applied by the Wu State�察�is 

  merely the outcome of big talk on the part of his followers。

       From the flourishing period of the Chou dynasty ��26�А�

  down to the time of the ;Spring and Autumn�察─�all military 

  commanders were statesmen as well�察�and the class of 

  professional generals�察�for conducting external campaigns�察�did 

  not then exist。  It was not until the period of the ;Six 

  States; ��27�А�that this custom changed。  Now although Wu was 

  an uncivilized State�察�it is conceivable that Tso should have 

  left unrecorded the fact that Sun Wu was a great general and 

  yet held no civil office�拭 �What we are told�察�therefore�察�about 

  Jang´chu ��28�А�and Sun Wu�察�is not authentic matter�察 �but the 

  reckless fabrication of theorizing pundits。  The story of Ho 

  Lu's experiment on the women�察�in particular�察�is utterly 

  preposterous and incredible。



     Yeh Shui´hsin represents Ssu´ma Ch`ien as having said that 

Sun Wu crushed Ch`u and entered Ying。  This is not quite correct。  

No doubt the impression left on the reader's mind is that he at 

least shared in these exploits。  The fact may or may not be 

significant�察�but it is nowhere explicitly stated in the SHIH CHI 

either that Sun Tzu was general on the occasion of the taking of 

Ying�察�or that he even went there at all。  Moreover�察�as we know 

that Wu Yuan and Po P`ei both took part in the expedition�察�and 

also that its success was largely due to the dash and enterprise 

of Fu Kai�察�Ho Lu's younger brother�察�it is not easy to see how yet 

another general could have played a very prominent part in the 

same campaign。

     Ch`en Chen´sun of the Sung dynasty has the note�此�



       Military writers look upon Sun Wu as the father of their 

  art。  But the fact that he does not appear in the TSO CHUAN�察�

  although he is said to have served under Ho Lu King of Wu�察�

  makes it uncertain what period he really belonged to。



He also says�此�



       The works of Sun Wu and Wu Ch`i may be of genuine 

  antiquity。



     It is noticeable that both Yeh Shui´hsin and Ch`en Chen´sun�察�

while rejecting the personality of Sun Wu as he figures in Ssu´ma 

Ch`ien's history�察�are inclined to accept the date traditionally 

assigned to the work which passes under his name。  The author of 

the HSU LU fails to appreciate this distinction�察�and consequently 

his bitter attack on Ch`en Chen´sun really misses its mark。  He 

makes one of two points�察�however�察�which certainly tell in favor 

of the high antiquity of our ;13 chapters。;  ;Sun Tzu�察─�he says�察�

;must have lived in the age of Ching Wang ��519´476�В察�because he 

is frequently plagiarized in subsequent works of the Chou�察�Ch`in 

and Han dynasties。;  The two most shameless offenders in this 

respect are Wu Ch`i and Huai´nan Tzu�察�both of them important 

historical personages in their day。  The former lived only a 

century after the alleged date of Sun Tzu�察�and his death is known 

to have taken place in 381 B。C。  It was to him�察�according to Liu 

Hsiang�察 �that Tseng Shen delivered the TSO CHUAN�察�which had been 

entrusted to him by its author。  ��29�А  �Now the fact that 

quotations from the ART OF WAR�察�acknowledged or otherwise�察�are to 

be found in so many authors of different epochs�察�establishes a 

very strong anterior to them all�察 �in other words�察�that Sun 

Tzu's treatise was already in existence towards the end of the 

5th century B。C。  Further proof of Sun Tzu's antiquity is 

furnished by the archaic or wholly obsolete meanings attaching to 

a number of the words he uses。  A list of these�察�which might 

perhaps be extended�察�is given in the HSU LU�察�and though some of 

the interpretations are doubtful�察�the main argument is hardly 

affected thereby。  Again�察�it must not be forgotten that Yeh Shui´

hsin�察�a scholar and critic of the first rank�察�deliberately 

pronounces the style of the 13 chapters to belong to the early 

part of the fifth century。  Seeing that he is actually engaged in 

an attempt to disprove the existence of Sun Wu himself�察�we may be 

sure that he would not have hesitated to assign the

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