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art of war-及12嫗

弌傍�� art of war 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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Ts`ao Kung says�此 �'Going straight out to join battle is a direct 

operation�察  �appearing on the enemy's rear is an   indirect 

maneuver。'  Li Wei´kung ��6th and 7th cent。 A。D。�А�says�此 �'In war�察�

to march straight ahead is CHENG�察�turning movements�察�on the other 

hand�察�are CH`I。'  These writers simply regard CHENG as CHENG�察�and 

CH`I as CH`I�察 �they do not note that the two are mutually 

interchangeable and run into each other like the two sides of a 

circle ��see infra�察�ss。 11�А�  A comment on the T`ang Emperor T`ai 

Tsung goes to the root of the matter�此 �'A CH`I maneuver may be 

CHENG�察�if we make the enemy look upon it as CHENG�察�then our real 

attack will be CH`I�察�and vice versa。  The whole secret lies in 

confusing the enemy�察�so that he cannot fathom our real intent。';  

To put it perhaps a little more clearly�此 �any attack or other 

operation is CHENG�察�on which the enemy has had his attention 

fixed�察 �whereas that is CH`I�察─�which takes him by surprise or 

comes from an unexpected quarter。  If the enemy perceives a 

movement which is meant to be CH`I�察─ �it immediately becomes 

CHENG。;��



     4。  That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone 

dashed against an egg ´ this is effected by the science of weak 

points and strong。

     5。  In all fighting�察�the direct method may be used for 

joining battle�察�but indirect methods will be needed in order to 

secure victory。



     ��Chang Yu says�此  �Steadily develop indirect tactics�察 �either 

by pounding the enemy's flanks or falling on his rear。;   A 

brilliant example of  ;indirect tactics;  which decided   the 

fortunes of a campaign was Lord Roberts' night march round the 

Peiwar Kotal in the second Afghan war。 ��1��



     6。  Indirect tactics�察�efficiently applied�察�are inexhausible 

as Heaven and Earth�察�unending as the flow of rivers and streams�察�

like the sun and moon�察�they end but to begin anew�察�like the four 

seasons�察�they pass away to return once more。



     ��Tu Yu and Chang Yu understand this of the permutations of 

CH`I and CHENG。;  But at present Sun Tzu is not speaking of CHENG 

at all�察 �unless�察�indeed�察�we suppose with Cheng Yu´hsien that a 

clause relating to it has fallen out of the text。  Of course�察 �as 

has already been pointed out�察�the two are so inextricably 

interwoven in all military operations�察�that they cannot really be 

considered apart。  Here we simply have an expression�察  �in 

figurative language�察�of the almost infinite resource of a great 

leader。��



     7。  There are not more than five musical notes�察 �yet the 

combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can 

ever be heard。

     8。  There are not more than five primary colors  ��blue�察�

yellow�察 �red�察�white�察�and black���察�yet in combination they produce 

more hues than can ever been seen。

     9   There are not more than five cardinal tastes  ��sour�察�

acrid�察�salt�察�sweet�察�bitter���察�yet combinations of them yield more 

flavors than can ever be tasted。

     10。  In battle�察 �there are not more than two methods of 

attack  ´  the direct and the indirect�察 �yet these two   in 

combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers。

     11。  The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in 

turn。  It is like moving in a circle ´ you never come to an end。  

Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination��

     12。  The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which 

will even roll stones along in its course。

     13。  The quality of decision is like the well´timed swoop of 

a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim。



     ��The Chinese here is tricky and a certain key word in the 

context it is used defies the best efforts of the translator。  Tu 

Mu defines this word as ;the measurement or estimation of 

distance。;  But this meaning does not quite fit the illustrative 

simile in ss。 15。  Applying this definition to the falcon�察 �it 

seems to me to denote that instinct of SELF RESTRAINT which keeps 

the bird from swooping on its quarry until the right moment�察�

together with the power of judging when the right moment has 

arrived。  The analogous quality in soldiers is the highly 

important one of being able to reserve their fire until the very 

instant at which it will be most effective。  When the  ;Victory; 

went into action at Trafalgar at hardly more than drifting pace�察�

she was for several minutes exposed to a storm of shot and shell 

before replying with a single gun。  Nelson coolly waited until he 

was within close range�察�when the broadside he brought to bear 

worked fearful havoc on the enemy's nearest ships。��



     14。  Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his 

onset�察�and prompt in his decision。



     ��The word ;decision; would have reference to the measurement 

of distance mentioned above�察�letting the enemy get near before 

striking。  But I cannot help thinking that Sun Tzu meant to use 

the word in a figurative sense comparable to our own idiom ;short 

and sharp。;   Cf。 Wang Hsi's note�察�which after describing the 

falcon's mode of attack�察 �proceeds�此  �This is just how the 

'psychological moment' should be seized in war。;��



     15。  Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow�察�

decision�察�to the releasing of a trigger。



     ��None of the commentators seem to grasp the real point of 

the simile of energy and the force stored up in the bent cross´

bow until released by the finger on the trigger。��



     16。  Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle�察�there may be 

seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all�察�amid confusion 

and chaos�察�your array may be without head or tail�察�yet it will be 

proof against defeat。



     ��Mei Yao´ch`en says�此  �The subdivisions of the army having 

been previously fixed�察�and the various signals agreed upon�察 �the 

separating and joining�察�the dispersing and collecting which will 

take place in the course of a battle�察�may give the appearance of 

disorder when no real disorder is possible。  Your formation may 

be without head or tail�察�your dispositions all topsy´turvy�察 �and 

yet a rout of your forces quite out of the question。;��



     17。  Simulated disorder postulates perfect   discipline�察�

simulated fear postulates courage�察�simulated weakness postulates 

strength。



     ��In order to make the translation intelligible�察 �it is 

necessary to tone down the sharply paradoxical form of the 

original。  Ts`ao Kung throws out a hint of the meaning in his 

brief note�此   �These things all serve to destroy formation and 

conceal one's condition。;  But Tu Mu is the first to put it quite 

plainly�此   �If you wish to feign confusion in order to lure the 

enemy on�察�you must first have perfect discipline�察�if you wish to 

display timidity in order to entrap the enemy�察 �you must have 

extreme courage�察�if you wish to parade your weakness in order to 

make   the   enemy over´confident�察 �you must   have   exceeding 

strength。;��



     18。  Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a 

question of subdivision��



     ��See supra�察�ss。 1。��



concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of 

latent energy��



     ��The commentators strongly understand a certain Chinese word 

here differently than anywhere else in this chapter。  Thus Tu Mu 

says�此   �seeing that we are favorably circumstanced and yet make 

no move�察�the enemy will believe that we are really afraid。;��



masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical 

dispositions。



     ��Chang Yu relates the following anecdote of Kao Tsu�察 �the 

first Han Emperor�此  �Wishing to crush the Hsiung´nu�察�he sent out 

spies   to report on their condition。  But the   Hsiung´nu�察�

forewarned�察 �carefully concealed all their able´bodied men and 

well´fed horses�察�and only allowed infirm soldiers and emaciated 

cattle to be seen。  The result was that spies one and all 

recommended the Emperor to deliver his attack。  Lou Ching alone 

opposed them�察�saying�此  �When two countries go to war�察 �they are 

naturally inclined to make an ostentatious display of their 

strength。  Yet our spies have seen nothing but old age and 

infirmity。  This is surely some ruse on the part of the enemy�察�

and it would be unwise for us to attack。;  The Emperor�察 �however�察�

disregarding this advice�察�fell into the trap and found himself 

surrounded at Po´teng。;��



     19。  Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the 

move maintains deceitful appearances�察�according to which the 

enemy will act。



     ��Ts`ao Kung's note is ;Make a display of weakness and want。;  

Tu Mu says�此  �If our force happens to be superior to the enemy's�察�

weakness may be simulated in order to lure him on�察 �but if 

inferior�察�he must be led to believe that we are strong�察�in order 

that he may keep off。  In fact�察�all the enemy's movements should 

be determined by the signs that we choose to give him。;  Note the 

following anecdote of Sun Pin�察�a descendent of Sun Wu�此  �In 341 

B。C。�察 �the Ch`i State being at war with Wei�察�sent T`ien Chi and 

Sun Pin against the general P`ang Chuan�察�who happened to be a 

deadly personal enemy of the later。  Sun Pin said�此   �The Ch`i 

State has a reputation for cowardice�察�and therefore our adversary 

despises us。  Let us turn this circumstance to   account。;  

Accordingly�察 �when the army had crossed the border into Wei 

territory�察 �he gave orders to show 100��000 fires on the first 

night�察 �50��000 on the next�察�and the night after only 20��000。  

P`ang Chuan pursued them hotly�察�saying to himself�此  �I knew these 

men of Ch`i were cowards�此 �their numbers have already fallen away 

by more than half。;  In his retreat�察�Sun Pin came to a narrow 

defile�察 �with he calculated that his pursuers would reach after 

dark。  Here he had a tree stripped of its bark�察 �and inscribed 

upon it the words�此  �Under this tree shall P`ang Chuan die。;  

Then�察�as night began to fall�察�he placed a strong body of archers 

in ambush near by�察�with orders to shoot directly they saw a 

light。  Later on�察�P`ang Chuan arrived at the spot�察�and noticing 

the tree�察�struck a light in order to read what was written on it。  

His body was immediately riddled by a volley of arrows�察�and his 

whole army thrown into confusion。  ��The above is Tu Mu's version 

of the story�察�the SHIH CHI�察�less dramatically but probably with 

more historical truth�察�makes P`ang Chuan cut his own throat with 

an exclamation of despair�察�after the rout of his army。�А。�



He sacrifices something�察�that the enemy may snatch at it。



     20。  By holding out baits�察�he keeps him on the march�察 �then 

with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him。



     ��With an emendation suggested by Li Ching�察�this then reads�察�

;He lies in wait with the main body of his troops。;��



     21。  The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined 

energy�察�and does not require too much from individuals。



     ��Tu Mu says�此  �He f

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