lay morals-第2章
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nity of method。 A man cannot go very far astray who neither dishonours his parents； nor kills； nor commits adultery； nor steals； nor bears false witness； for these things； rightly thought out； cover a vast field of duty。
Alas！ what is a precept？ It is at best an illustration； it is case law at the best which can be learned by precept。 The letter is not only dead； but killing； the spirit which underlies； and cannot be uttered； alone is true and helpful。 This is trite to sickness； but familiarity has a cunning disenchantment； in a day or two she can steal all beauty from the mountain tops； and the most startling words begin to fall dead upon the ear after several repetitions。 If you see a thing too often； you no longer see it； if you hear a thing too often； you no longer hear it。 Our attention requires to be surprised； and to carry a fort by assault； or to gain a thoughtful hearing from the ruck of mankind； are feats of about an equal difficulty and must be tried by not dissimilar means。 The whole Bible has thus lost its message for the common run of hearers； it has become mere words of course； and the parson may bawl himself scarlet and beat the pulpit like a thing possessed； but his hearers will continue to nod； they are strangely at peace； they know all he has to say； ring the old bell as you choose； it is still the old bell and it cannot startle their composure。 And so with this byword about the letter and the spirit。 It is quite true； no doubt； but it has no meaning in the world to any man of us。 Alas！ it has just this meaning； and neither more nor less： that while the spirit is true； the letter is eternally false。
The shadow of a great oak lies abroad upon the ground at noon； perfect； clear； and stable like the earth。 But let a man set himself to mark out the boundary with cords and pegs； and were he never so nimble and never so exact； what with the multiplicity of the leaves and the progression of the shadow as it flees before the travelling sun； long ere he has made the circuit the whole figure will have changed。 Life may be compared； not to a single tree； but to a great and complicated forest； circumstance is more swiftly changing than a shadow； language much more inexact than the tools of a surveyor； from day to day the trees fall and are renewed； the very essences are fleeting as we look； and the whole world of leaves is swinging tempest…tossed among the winds of time。 Look now for your shadows。 O man of formulae； is this a place for you？ Have you fitted the spirit to a single case？ Alas； in the cycle of the ages when shall such another be proposed for the judgment of man？ Now when the sun shines and the winds blow； the wood is filled with an innumerable multitude of shadows； tumultuously tossed and changing； and at every gust the whole carpet leaps and becomes new。 Can you or your heart say more？
Look back now； for a moment； on your own brief experience of life； and although you lived it feelingly in your own person； and had every step of conduct burned in by pains and joys upon your memory； tell me what definite lesson does experience hand on from youth to manhood； or from both to age？ The settled tenor which first strikes the eye is but the shadow of a delusion。 This is gone； that never truly was； and you yourself are altered beyond recognition。 Times and men and circumstances change about your changing character； with a speed of which no earthly hurricane affords an image。 What was the best yesterday； is it still the best in this changed theatre of a tomorrow？ Will your own Past truly guide you in your own violent and unexpected Future？ And if this be questionable； with what humble； with what hopeless eyes； should we not watch other men driving beside us on their unknown careers； seeing with unlike eyes； impelled by different gales； doing and suffering in another sphere of things？
And as the authentic clue to such a labyrinth and change of scene； do you offer me these two score words？ these five bald prohibitions？ For the moral precepts are no more than five； the first four deal rather with matters of observance than of conduct； the tenth； THOU SHALT NOT COVET； stands upon another basis； and shall be spoken of ere long。 The Jews； to whom they were first given； in the course of years began to find these precepts insufficient； and made an addition of no less than six hundred and fifty others！ They hoped to make a pocket…book of reference on morals； which should stand to life in some such relation； say； as Hoyle stands in to the scientific game of whist。 The comparison is just； and condemns the design； for those who play by rule will never be more than tolerable players； and you and I would like to play our game in life to the noblest and the most divine advantage。 Yet if the Jews took a petty and huckstering view of conduct； what view do we take ourselves； who callously leave youth to go forth into the enchanted forest； full of spells and dire chimeras； with no guidance more complete than is afforded by these five precepts？
HONOUR THY FATHER AND THY MOTHER。 Yes； but does that mean to obey？ and if so； how long and how far？ THOU SHALL NOT KILL。 Yet the very intention and purport of the prohibition may be best fulfilled by killing。 THOU SHALL NOT COMMIT ADULTERY。 But some of the ugliest adulteries are committed in the bed of marriage and under the sanction of religion and law。 THOU SHALT NOT BEAR FALSE WITNESS。 How？ by speech or by silence also？ or even by a smile？ THOU SHALT NOT STEAL。 Ah； that indeed！ But what is TO STEAL？
To steal？ It is another word to be construed； and who is to be our guide？ The police will give us one construction； leaving the word only that least minimum of meaning without which society would fall in pieces； but surely we must take some higher sense than this； surely we hope more than a bare subsistence for mankind； surely we wish mankind to prosper and go on from strength to strength； and ourselves to live rightly in the eye of some more exacting potentate than a policeman。 The approval or the disapproval of the police must be eternally indifferent to a man who is both valorous and good。 There is extreme discomfort； but no shame； in the condemnation of the law。 The law represents that modicum of morality which can be squeezed out of the ruck of mankind； but what is that to me； who aim higher and seek to be my own more stringent judge？ I observe with pleasure that no brave man has ever given a rush for such considerations。 The Japanese have a nobler and more sentimental feeling for this social bond into which we all are born when we come into the world； and whose comforts and protection we all indifferently share throughout our lives：… but even to them； no more than to our Western saints and heroes； does the law of the state supersede the higher law of duty。 Without hesitation and without remorse； they transgress the stiffest enactments rather than abstain from doing right。 But the accidental superior duty being thus fulfilled； they at once return in allegiance to the common duty of all citizens； and hasten to denounce themselves； and value at an equal rate their just crime and their equally just submission to its punishment。
The evading of the police will not long satisfy an active conscience or a thoughtful head。 But to show you how one or the other may trouble a man； and what a vast extent of frontier is left unridden by this invaluable eighth commandment； let me tell you a few pages out of a young man's life。
He was a friend of mine； a young man like others； generous； flighty； as variable as youth itself； but always with some high motions and on the search for higher thoughts of life。 I should tell you at once that he thoroughly agrees with the eighth commandment。 But he got hold of some unsettling works； the New Testament among others； and this loosened his views of life and led him into many perplexities。 As he was the son of a man in a certain position； and well off； my friend had enjoyed from the first the advantages of education； nay； he had been kept alive through a sickly childhood by constant watchfulness； comforts； and change of air； for all of which he was indebted to his father's wealth。
At college he met other lads more diligent than himself； who followed the plough in summer…time to pay their college fees in winter； and this inequality struck him with some force。 He was at that age of a conversible temper； and insatiably curious in the aspects of life； and he spent much of his time scraping acquaintance with all classes of man… and woman… kind。 In this way he came upon many depressed ambitions； and many intelligences stunted for want of opportunity； and this also struck him。 He began to perceive that life was a handicap upon strange； wrong…sided principles； and not； as he had been told； a fair and equal race。 He began to tremble that he himself had been unjustly favoured； when he saw all the avenues of wealth； and power； and comfort closed against so many of his superiors and equals； and held unwearyingly open before so idle； so desultory； and so dissolute a being as himself。 There sat a youth beside him on the college benches； who had only one shirt to his back； and； at intervals sufficiently far apart； must stay at home to have it washed。 It was my friend's principle to stay away as often as he dared； for I fear he was no friend to learning。 But there was something that came home to him sharply； in this fellow who had to give over study till his shirt was washed； and the scores of others who had never an opportunity at all。 IF ONE OF THESE COULD TAKE HIS PLACE； he thought； and the thought tore away a bandage from his eyes。 He was eaten by the shame of his discoveries； and despised himself as an unworthy favourite and a creature of the back…stairs of Fortune。 He could no longer see without confusion one of these brave young fellows battling up…hill against adversity。 Had he not filched that fellow's birthright？ At best was he not coldly profiting by the injustice of society； and greedily devouring stolen goods？ The money； indeed； belonged to his father； who had worked； and thought； and given up his liberty to earn it； but by what justice could the money belong to my friend； who had； as yet； done nothing but help to squander it？ A more sturdy honesty； joined to a more even and impartial temperament； would have drawn from these considerations a new force of industry； that this equivocal position might be brought as swiftly as possible to an end； and some good services to mankind justify the appropriation of expense。 It was not so with my friend； who was only unsettled and discouraged； and filled full of that trumpeting anger with which young men regard injustices in the first blush of youth； although in a few years they will tamely acquiesce in their existence； and knowingly profit by their complications。 Yet all this while he suffered many indignant pangs。 And once； when he put on his boots； like any other unripe donkey； to run away from home； it was his best consolation that he was now； at a single plunge； to free himself f
