vill3-第38章

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e　of　communal　testimony；　and　in　matters　of　husbandry；　custom　and　self…government　prevail　against　any　capricious　change　or　unprecedented　exaction。　And　it　has　to　be　noticed　that　the　will　and　influence　of　the　lord　is　much　more　distinct　and　overbearing　in　the　documents　of　the　later　thirteenth　and　of　the　fourteenth　century；　than　in　the　earlier　records；　one　more　hint；　that　the　feudal　conception　of　society　took　some　time　to　push　back　older　notions；　which　implied　a　greater　liberty　of　the　folk　in　regard　to　their　rulers。　　　　　Whichever　way　we　may　look；　one　and　the　same　observation　is　forced　upon　us：　the　communal　organisation　of　the　peasantry　is　more　ancient　and　more　deeply　laid　than　the　manorial　order。　Even　the　feudal　period　that　has　formed　the　immediate　subject　of　our　study　shows　everywhere　traces　of　a　peasant　class　living　and　working　in　economically　self…dependent　communities　under　the　loose　authority　of　a　lord；　whose　claims　may　proceed　from　political　sources　and　affect　the　semblance　of　ownership；　but　do　not　give　rise　to　the　manorial　connexion　between　estate　and　village。