vill3-第20章

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ok　the　name　of　firmarius。（11*）　By　his　side　appears　the　reeve；　or　praepositus；　nominated　from　among　the　peasants　of　a　particular　township；　and　mostly　chosen　by　them。（12*）　Manorial　instructions　add　sometimes　that　no　villain　has　a　right　to　hold　aloof　from　such　an　appointment；　if　it　is　conferred　on　him。（13*）　The　reeve　acts　as　the　representative　of　the　village　community；　as　well　in　regard　to　the　lord　as　on　public　occasions。　He　must；　of　course；　render　help　to　the　steward　in　all　the　various　duties　of　the　latter。　The　reeve　has　more　especially　to　superintend　the　performance　of　labour　imposed　on　the　peasantry。　Manorial　ploughings；　reapings；　and　the　other　like　operations　are　conducted　by　him；　sometimes　with　the　help　of　the　free　tenants　in　the　place。　Of　the　public　duties　of　the　reeve　we　have　had　occasion　to　speak。　Four　men；　acting　as　representatives　of　the　village；　accompany　him。　　　　　Next　after　the　reeve　comes；　on　large　estates；　the　messor；　who　takes　charge　of　the　harvest；　and　sometimes　acts　as　collector　of　fines　imposed　for　the　benefit　of　the　lord。（14*）　The　akermanni　or　carucarii　are　the　leaders　of　the　unwieldy　ploughs　of　the　time；（15*）　and　they　are　helped　by　a　set　of　drivers　and　boys　who　have　to　attend　to　the　oxen　or　horses。（16*）　Shepherds　for　every　kind　of　cattle　are　also　mentioned；（17*）　as　well　as　keepers　and　warders　of　the　woods　and　fences。（18*）　In　the　Suffolk　manors　of　Bury　St。　Edmund's　we　find　the　curious　term　kurard　to　designate　a　person　superintending　the　hay　harvest。（19*）　　　　　By　the　side　of　a　numerous　staff　busy　with　the　economic　management　of　the　estate；　several　petty　officers　are　found　to　be　concerned　with　the　political　machinery　of　the　manor。　The　duty　to　collect　the　suitors　of　the　hundred　and　of　the　county　court　is　sometimes　fulfilled　by　a　special　'turn…bedellus。'（20*）　A　'vagiator'　（vadiator？）　serves　writs　and　distrains　goods　for　rents。（21*）　The　carrying　of　letters　and　orders　is　very　often　treated　as　a　service　imposed　on　particular　tenements。　It　must　be　noted　that　sometimes　all　these　duties　are　intimately　connected　with　those　of　the　husbandry　system　and　imposed　on　all　the　officers　of　the　demesne　who　own　horses。（22*）　　　　　A　third　category　is　formed　by　the　house…servants；　who　divide　among　themselves　the　divers　duties　of　keeping　accounts；　waiting　on　the　lord　personally；　taking　charge　of　the　wardrobe；　of　the　kitchen；　etc。　The　military　system　and　the　lack　of　safety　called　forth　a　numerous　retinue　of　armed　followers　and　guards。　All…in…all　a　mighty　staff　of　ministeriales；　as　they　were　called　in　Germany；　came　into　being。　In　England　they　are　termed　sergeants　and　servants；　servientes。　In　Glastonbury　Abbey　there　were　sixty…six　servants　besides　the　workmen　and　foremen　employed　on　the　farm。（23*）　Such　a　number　was　rendered　necessary　by　the　grand　hospitality　of　the　monastery；　which　received　and　entertained　daily　throngs　of　pilgrims。　In　Bury　St。　Edmund's　the　whole　staff　was　divided　into　five　departments；　and　in　each　department　the　employments　were　arranged　according　to　a　strict　order　of　precedence。（24*）　　　　　The　material　for　the　formation　of　this　vast　and　important　class　was　supplied　by　the　subject　population　of　the　estates。　The　Gloucester　manorial　instruction　enjoins　the　stewards　to　collect　on　certain　days　the　entire　grown…up　population　and　to　select　the　necessary　servants　for　the　different　callings。　It　is　also　enacted　that　the　men　should　not　be　left　without　definite　work；　that　in　case　of　necessity　they　should　be　moved　from　one　post　to　the　other；（25*）　etc。　The　requirements　of　the　manorial　administration　and　of　the　lord's　household　opened　an　important　outlet　for　the　village　people。　Part　of　the　growing　population　thus　found　employment　outside　the　narrow　channel　of　rural　arrangements。　The　elder　or　younger　brothers；　as　it　might　be；　took　service　at　the　lord's　court。　The　husbandry　treatises　of　the　thirteenth　century　go　further　and　mention　hired　labourers　as　an　element　commonly　found　on　the　estate。　We　find；　for　instance；　an　elaborate　reckoning　of　the　work　performed　by　gangs　of　such　labourers　hired　for　the　harvest。（26*）　In　documents　styled　'Minister's　Accounts'　we　may　also　find　proof；　that　from　the　thirteenth　century　downwards　the　requirements　of　the　lord's　estate　are　sometimes　met　by　hiring　outsiders　to　perform　some　necessary　kind　of　work。　These　phenomena　have　to　be　considered　as　exceptional；　however；　and　in　fact　as　a　new　departure。　　　　　The　officers　and　servants　were　remunerated　in　various　ways。　Sometimes　they　were　allowed　to　share　in　the　profits　connected　with　their　charges。　The　swine…herd　of　Glastonbury　Abbey；　for　instance；　received　one　sucking…pig　a　year；　the　interior　parts　of　the　best　pig；　and　the　tails　of　all　the　others　which　were　slaughtered　in　the　abbey。（27*）　The　chief　scullion　（scutellarius）　had　a　right　to　all　remnants　of　viands；　　but　not　of　game；　　to　the　feathers　and　the　bowels　of　geese。（28*）　Again；　all　the　household　and　workmen　constantly　employed　had　certain　quantities　of　food；　drink；　and　clothing　assigned　to　them。（29*）　Of　one　of　the　Glastonbury　clerks　we　hear　that　he　received　one　portion　（liberacio）　as　a　monk　and　a　second　as　a　servant；　and　that　by　reason　of　this　last　he　was　bound　to　provide　the　monastery　with　a　goldsmith。（30*）　　　　　Those　of　the　foremen　and　labourers　of　estates　who　did　not　belong　to　the　immediate　following　of　the　lord　and　did　not　live　in　his　central　court　received　a　gratification　of　another　kind。　They　were　liberated　from　the　labour　and　payments　which　they　would　have　otherwise　rendered　from　their　tenements。（31*）　The　performance　of　the　specific　duties　of　administration　took　the　place　of　the　ordinary　rural　work　or　rent；　and　in　this　way　the　service　of　the　lord　was　feudalised　on　the　same　principle　as　the　king's　service　　it　was　indissolubly　connected　with　land…holding。　　　　　In　manorial　extents　we　come　constantly　across　such　exempted　tenements　conceded　without　any　rural　obligations　or　with　the　reservation　of　a　very　small　rent。　It　is　important　to　notice；　that　such　exemptions；　though　temporary　and　casual　at　first；　were　ultimately　consolidated　by　custom　and　even　confirmed　by　charters。　A　whole　species　of　free　tenements；　and　a　numerous　one；　goes　back　to　such　privileges　and　exemptions　granted　to　servants。（32*）　And　so　this　class　of　people；　in　the　formation　of　which　unfree　elements　are　so　clearly　apparent；　became　one　of　the　sources　in　the　development　of　free　society。　Such　importance　and　success　are　to　be　explained；　of　course；　by　the　influence　of　this　class　in　the　administration　and　economic　management　of　the　estates　belonging　to　the　secular　and　ecclesiastical　aristocracy。　It　is　very　difficult　at　the　present　time　to　realise　the　responsibility　and　strength　of　this　element。　We　live　in　a　time　of　free　contract；　credit；　highly　mobilised　currency；　easy　means　of　communication；　and　powerful　political　organisation。　There　is　no　necessity　for　creating　a　standing　class　of　society　for　the　purpose　of　mediating　between　lord　and　subject；　between　the　military　order　and　the　industrial　order。　Every　feature　of　the　medieval　system　which　tended　to　disconnect　adjoining　localities；　to　cut　up　the　country　into　a　series　of　isolated　units；　contributed　at　the　same　time　to　raise　a　class　which　acted　as　a　kind　of　nervous　system；　connecting　the　different　parts　with　a　common　centre　and　establishing　rational　intercourse　and　hierarchical　relations。　The　libertini　had　to　fu1fil　kindred　functions　in　the　ancient　world；　but　their　importance　was　hardly　so　great　as　that　of　medieval　sergeants　or　ministeriales。　We　may　get　some　notion　of　what　that　position　was　by　looking　at　the　personal　influence　and　endowments　of　the　chief　servants　in　a　great　household　of　the　thirteenth　century。　The　first　cook　and　the　gatekeeper　of　a　celebrated　abbey　were　real　magnates　who　held　their　offices　by　hereditary　succession；　and　were　enfeoffed　with　considerable　estates。（33*）　In　Glastonbury　five　cooks　shared　in　the　kitchen…fee。（34*）　The　head　of　the　cellar；　the　gatekeeper；　and　the　chief　shepherd　enter　into　agreements　in　regard　to　extensive　plots　of　land。（35*）　They　appear　as　entirely　free　to　dispose　of　such　property；　and　at　every　step　we　find　in　the　cartularies　of　Glastonbury　Abbey　proofs　of　the　existence　of　a　numerous　and　powerful　'sergeant'　class。　John　of　Norwood；　Abbot　of　Bury　St。　Edmund's；　had　to　resort　to　a　regular　coup　d'閠at　in　order　to　displace　the　privileged　families　which　had　got　hold　of　the　offices　and　treated　them　as　hereditary　property。（36*）　In　fact　the　great　'sergeants'　ended　by　hampering　their　lords　more　than　serving　them。　And　the　same　fact　of　the　rise　of　a　'ministerial'　class　may　be　noticed　on　every　single　estate；　although　it　is　not　so　prominent　there　as　in　the　great　centres　of　feudal　life。　The　whole　arrangement　was　broken　by　the　substitution　of　the　'cash　nexus'　for　more　ancient　kinds　of　economic　relationship；　and　by　the　spread　of　free　agreements：　it　is　not　difficult　to　see　that　both　these　facts　acted　strongly　in　favour　of　driving　out　hereditary　and　customary　obligations。　　　　　We　have　considered　the　relative　position　of　the　unfree　holdings；　of　the　domanial　land　around　which　they　were　grouped；　and　of　the　class　which　had　to　put　the　whole　machinery　of　the　manor　into　action。　But　incidentally　we　had　several　times　to　notice　a　set　of　men　and　tenements　which　stood　in　a　peculiar　relation　to　the　arrangement　we　have　been　describing：　there　were　in　almost　every　manor　some　free　tenants　and　some　free　tenements　that　could　not　be　considered　as　belonging　to　the　regular　fabric　of　the　whole。　they　had　to　pay　rents　or　even　to　perform　labour　services；　but　their　obligations　were　subsidiary　to　the　work　of　the　customary　tenants　on　which　the　husbandry　of　the　manorial　demesne　leaned　for　support。　From　the　economic　point　of　view　we　can　see　no　inherent　necessity　for　the　connexion　of　these　particular　free　tenements　with　that　particular　manorial　unit。　The　rent；　large　or　small；　could　have　been　sent　directly　to　the　lord's　household；　or　paid　in　some　other　manor　without　any　perceptible　alteration　in　favour　of　either　party；　the　work；　if　there　was　such　to　perform；　was　without　exception　of　a　rather　trifling　kind；　and　could　have　been　easily　dispensed　with　and　commuted　for　money。　Several　reasons　may　be　thought　of　to　explain　the　fact　that　free　tenements　are　thus　grouped　along　with　the　villain　holdings　and　worked　into　that　single　unit；　the　manor。　It　may　be　urged　that　the　division　into　manors　is　not　merely　and　perhaps　not　chiefly　an　economic　one；　but　that　it　reflects　a　certain　political　organisation；　which　had　to　deal　with　and　to　class　free　tenants　as　well　as　servile　people。　It　may　be　conjectured　that　even　from　the　economic　point　of　view；　although　the　case　of　free　tenants　would　hardly　have　called　the　manorial　unit　into　existence；　it　was　convenient　to　use　that　class　when　once　created　for　the　grouping　of　villain　land　and　work：　why　should　the　free　tenants　not　join　the　divisions　formed　for　another　purpose　but　locally　within　easy　reach　and　therefore　conveniently　situated　for　such　intercourse　with　the　lord　as　was　rendered　necessary　by　the　character　of　the　tenement？　Again；　the　grouping　of　free　tenants　may　have　originated　in　a　time　when　the　connexion　with　the　whole　was　felt　more　strongly　than　in　the　feudal　period；　it　may　possibly　go　back　to　a　community　which　had　nothing　or　little　to　do　with　subjection；　and　in　which　the　free　landowners　joined　for　mutual　support　and　org