vill3-第16章

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in　payments；　and　it　may　be　conjectured　that　the　reason　is　to　be　found　in　the　fact　that　they　have　to　superintend　work　performed　by　their　labourers　or　inferior　tenants。（104*）　All　such　points　are　of　small　importance；　however；　when　compared　with　the　general　opposition　of　which　I　have　been　speaking　several　times。　The　free　and　the　servile　holdings　are　chiefly　distinguished　by　the　fact　that　the　first　pay　rent　and　the　last　perform　labour。　　　　　Whenever　we　come　to　examine　closely　the　reason　underlying　the　cases　when　the　classification　into　servile　and　free　is　adopted；　we　find　that　it　generally　resolves　itself　into　a　contrast　between　those　who　have　to　serve；　in　the　original　sense　of　the　term；　and　those　who　are　exempted　from　actual　labour…service。　Being　dependent　nevertheless；　these　last　have　to　pay　rent。　I　need　not　repeat　that　I　am　speaking　of　main　distinctions　and　not　of　the　various　details　bound　up　with　them。　In　order　to　understand　thoroughly　the　nature　of　such　diversities；　let　us　take　up　a　very　elaborate　description　of　duties　to　be　performed　by　the　peasants　in　the　manor　of　Wye；　Kent；　belonging　to　the　Abbey　of　Battle。（105*）　Of　the　sixty…one　yokes　it　contains　thirty　are　servile；　twenty…nine　are　free；　and　two　occupy　an　inter　mediate　position。　The　duties　of　the　two　chief　classes　of　tenants　differ　in　many　respects。　The　servile　people　have　to　pay　rent　and　so　have　the　free；　but　while　the　first　contribute　to　make　up　a　general　payment　of　six　pounds；　each　yoke　being　assessed　at　seven　shillings　and　five…pence；　the　free　people　have　to　pay　as　much　as　twenty…three　shillings　and　seven…pence　per　yoke。　Both　sets　have　to　perform　ploughings；　reapings；　and　carriage　duties；　but　the　burden　of　the　servile　portion　is　so　much　greater　in　regard　to　the　carriage…work；　that　the　corresponding　yokes　sometimes　get　their　very　name　from　it；　they　are　juga　averagiantia；　while　the　free　households　are　merely　bound　to　help　a　few　times　during　the　summer。　Every　servile　holding　has　a　certain　number　of　acres　of　wood　assigned　to　it；　or　else　corresponding　rights　in　the　common　wood；　while　the　free　tenants　have　to　settle　separately　with　the　lord　of　the　manor。　And　lastly；　the　relief　for　every　unfree　yoke　is　fixed　at　forty　pence；　and　for　every　free　one　is　equal　to　the　annual　rent。　This　comparison　of　duties　shows　that　the　peasants　called　free　were　by　no　means　subjected　to　very　light　burdens：　in　fact　it　looks　almost　as　if　they　were　more　heavily　taxed　than　the　rest。　Still　they　were　exempted　from　the　most　unpopular　and　inconvenient　labour　services。　　　　　Altogether；　the　study　of　rural　work　and　rents　leads　to　the　same　conclusion　as　the　analysis　of　the　legal　characteristics　of　villainage。　The　period　from　the　Conquest　onwards　may　be　divided　into　two　stages。　In　later　times；　that　is　from　the　close　of　the　thirteenth　century　downwards；　the　division　between　the　two　great　classes　of　tenants　and　tenements；　a　contrast　strictly　legal；　is　regulated　by　the　material　test　of　the　certainty　or　uncertainty　of　the　service　due；　and　the　formal　test　of　the　mode　of　conveyance。　In　earlier　times　the　classification　depends　primarily　on　the　economic　relation　between　the　manorial　centre　and　the　tributary　household；　labour　is　deemed　servile；　rent　held　to　be　free。　It　is　only　by　keeping　these　two　periods　clearly　distinct；　that　one　is　enabled　to　combine　the　seemingly　conflicting　facts　in　our　surveys。　If　we　look　at　the　most　ancient　of　these　documents；　we　shall　have　to　admit　that　a　rent…paying　holding　is　free；　nevertheless　it　would　be　wrong　to　infer　that　when　commutation　became　more　or　less　general；　classification　was　settled　in　the　same　way。　A　servile　tenement　no　longer　became　free　because　rent　was　taken　instead　of　labour；　it　was　still　held　'at　the　will　of　the　lord；'　and　conveyed　by　surrender　and　admittance。　When　all　holdings　were　fast　exchanging　labour　for　rent；　the　old　notions　had　been　surrendered　and　a　new　basis　for　classification　found　in　those　legal　incidents　just　mentioned。　The　development　of　copyhold　belongs　to　the　later　period；　copyhold　being　mostly　a　rent…paying　servile　tenure。　Again；　if　we　turn　to　the　earlier　epoch　we　shall　have　to　remember　that　the　contrast　between　labour　and　rent　is　not　to　be　taken　merely　as　a　result　of　commutation。　Local　distinctions　are　fitted　on　to　it　in　a　way　which　cannot　be　explained　by　the　mere　assumption　that　every　settlement　of　a　rent　appeared　in　the　place　of　an　original　labour　obligation。　The　contrast　is　primordial；　as　one　may　say；　and　based　on　the　fact　that　the　labour　of　a　subject　appears　directly　subservient　to　the　wants　and　arrangements　of　the　superior　household；　while　the　payment　of　rent　severs。　the　connexion　for　a　time　and　leaves　each　body　to　move。　In　its　own　direction　till　the　day　when　the　tributary　has　to　pay　again。　　　　　There　can　be　no　doubt　also　that　the　more　ancient　surveys　disclose　a　difference　in　point　of　quantity　between　free　and　servile　holdings；　and　this　again　is　a　strong　argument　for　the　belief　that　free　socage　must　not　be　considered　merely　as　an　emancipated　servile　tenancy。　Where　there　has　been　commutation　we　must　suppose　that　the　labour　services　cannot　have　been　more　valuable　than　the　money　rent　into　which　they　were　changed。　The　free　rent　into　which　labour　becomes　converted　is　nothing　but　the　price　paid　for　the　services　surrendered　by　the　lord。　It　must　have　stood　higher；　if　anything；　than　the　real　value　of　the　labour　exchanged；　because　the　exchange　entailed　a　diminution　of　power　besides　the　giving　up　of　an　economic　commodity。　No　matter　that　ultimately　the　quit…rents　turned　out　to　the　disadvantage　of　the　lord；　inasmuch　as　the　buying　strength　of　money　grew　less　and　less。　This　was　the　result　of　a　very　long　process；　and　could　not　be　foreseen　at　the　time　when　the　commutation　equivalents　were　settled。　And　so　we　may　safely　lay　down　the　general　rule；　that　when　there　is　a　conspicuous　difference　between　the　burdens　of　assessment　of　free　and　unfree　tenants；　such　a　difference　excludes　the　idea　that　one　class　is　only　an　emancipated　portion　of　the　other；　and　supposes　that　it　was　from　the　first　a　socially　privileged　one。　The　Peterborough　Black　Book；　which；　along　with　the　Burton　Cartulary；　presents　the　most　curious　instance　of　an　early　survey；　describes　the　services　of　socmen　on　the　manors　of　the　abbey　as　those　of　a　clearly。　privileged　tenantry。（106*）　The　interesting　point　is；　that　these　socmen　are　even　subjected　to　week…work　and　not　distinguishable　from　villains　so　far　as　concerns　the　quality　of　their　services。　Nevertheless　the　contrast　with　the　villains　appears　throughout　the　Cartulary　and　is　substantiated　by　a　marked　difference　in　point　of　assessment：　a　socman　has　to　work　one　or　two　days　in　the　week　when　the　villain　is　made　to　work　three　or　four。　　　　　Three　main　points　seem　established　by　the　survey　of　rural　work　and　rents。　　　　　1。　Notwithstanding　many　vexatious　details；　the　impositions　to　which　the　peasantry　had　to　submit　left　a　considerable　margin　for　their　material　progress。　This　system　of　customary　rules　was　effectively　provided　against　general　oppression。　　　　　2。　The　development　from　food…farms　to　labour　organisation；　and　lastly　to　money…rents；　was　a　result　not　of　one…sided　pressure　on　the　part　of　the　landlords；　but　of　a　series　of　agreements　between　lord　and　tenants。　　　　　3。　The　settlement　of　the　burdens　to　which　peasants　were　subjected　depended　to　a　great　extent　on　distinctions　as　to　the　social　standing　of　tenants　which　had　nothing　to　do　with　economic　facts。

NOTES：

1。　Domesday　of　St。　Paul's；　93：　'Potest　wainnagium　fieri　cum　12　bobus　et　quatuor　stottis　cum　consuetudinibus　ville。'　75：　'Item　（juratores）　dicunt　quod　potest　fieri　wainnagium　totius　dominici　cum　2　carucis　bonis　habentibus　20　capita　in　jugo　et　2　herciatoribus　cum　consuetudinibus　operariorum。'

2。　Add。　MSS。　61　59；　f　44；　a：　'（Leyesdon）。。。　debet　quelibet　caruca　coniuncta　arrare　unam　acram　et　habebunt　3　denarios　pro　acra　et　quadrantem。'

3。　Glastonbury　Inqu。　of　1189　（Roxburghe　Ser。）；　64：　'（Virgatarius）　a　festo　Sti　Michaelis　qualibet　ebdomada　arat　unam　acram　donec　tota　terra　domini　sit　culta。'

4。　Ely　Inqu。；　Cotton　MSS。　Claudius；　c。　xi。　f　185：　'Unusquisque　arabit　per　tres　dies；　si　habeat　sex　boves；　per　duos；　si　habeat　quatuor　boves；　per　unum；　si　habeat　duos　boves；　per　dimidium；　si　habeat　unum　bovem。'

5。　Add。　MSS。　6159；　f。　53；　a：　'Item　debent　predicte　22　virgate　terre　arrare　ad　frumentum；　ad　auenam　et　ad　warectum　113　acras　et　valent　56　solidos　6　denarios。'

6。　Gloucester　Cart。　iii。　92：　'Et　quicquid　araverit　debet　herciare　tempore　seminis。　Et　faciet　unam　hersuram　que　vocatur　landegginge　et　valet　1　den。'　iii。　194：　'Et　debet　herciare　quotidle　si　necesse　fuerit　quousque　semen　domini　seminetur；　et　allocabitur　ei　pro　operacione　manuali；　et　valet　ultra　obolum。　Et　quia　non　est　numerus　certus　de　diebus　herciandis；　aestimant　juratores　40　dies。'

7。　Ramsey　Cart。　I。　345：　'Qualibet　autem　septimana；　a　festo　Sti　Michaelis　usque　ad　tempus　sarclationis　tribus　diebus　operatur；　quodcunque　opus　sibi　fuerit　injunctum；　et　quarto　die　arabit　unum　sellionem；　sive　jungatur　cum　alio；　sive　non。'

8。　Glastonbury　Inqu。　of　1189；　p。　64：　'A　die　circumcisionis　similiter；　excepta　ebdomada　Pasche；　si　possit　per　gelu；　et　si　gelu　durat　per　12　dies；　quietus　debet　esse。　Si　amplius　durat；　restituet　araturam。'

9。　Add。　MSS。　6159；　f。　49；　b：　'Idem　tenentes　de　predictis　22　et　dimidia　（terris）　debent　arrare　ad　seysonam　frumenti　45　acras　de　gable　et　de　qualibet　terra　2　acras。'　35；　b：　'Gauilherth：　Willelmus　de　Bergate　debet　arrare　dimidiam　acram；　Nicholaus　de　Jonebrigge　et　socii　ejus　unam　virgam；　heredes　Johannis　8　pedes；　Ricardus　Cutte　8　pedes。。。　Summa　acrarum　25　acre　1　pes。　Hec　debent　arrare　et　seminare。'

10。　Rot。　Hundred。　ii。　768；　b：　'Item　si　habeat　carucam　integram　vel　cum　sociis　conjunctam；　illa　caruca　arabit　domino　2　acras　terre　ad　yvernagium　et　herciabit　quantum　illa　caruca　araverit　in　die；　et　istud　servicium　appellatur　Greserthe；　pro　quo　servicio　ipse　W。　et　omnes　alii　consuetudinarii　habebunt　pasturas　dominicas　ad　diem　（sic。　corr。　a　die）　ad　Vincula　Sti　Petri　usque　ad　festum　beate　Marie　in　Marcio　et　prata　dominica　postquam　fenum　fuerit　cariatum。'

11。　Glastonbury　Cart。；　Wood　MSS。　I；　f　44；　b：　'Tenens　dimidiam　hidam　habet　4　animalia　in　pascius　quieta；　et　si　plus　habuerit…arabit　et　herciabit　pro　unoquoque　dimidiam　acram。'

12。　Add。　MSS。　6159；　f　26；　b：　'De　qualibet　caruca　arant　unam　acram　de　averherde。；　et　si　per　negligenciam　alicujus　remanserit　acra　non　arata；　tunc　mittet　dominus　semen　quod　sufficiat　ad　unam　acram　ad　domum　illius　et　oportebit　illum　reddere　bladum　ad　mensuram　propinque　acre　et　habebit　tum　herbagium　de　acra　assignata。'　Cart。　of　Beaulieu；　Cotton　MSS。　Nero；　A。　xii；　f　102；　b：　'Et　si　habeat　bovem　vel　vaccam　iunctam；　arabit　pro　quolibet　virgo　dimidiam　acram　ad　festum　Sti　Martini　sine　cibo。'　Glastonbury　Inqu。　of　1189；　f。　116：　'De　qualibet　carruca　debent　arare　ad　seminandum　7　acras；　et　ad　warectum　7　acras；　ut　boves　possint　ire　cum　bobus　domini　in　pastura。'

13。　Exch。　Q。　R。　Min。　Acc。　Bk。　514；　T。　G。　41；　173：　'（Extenta　manerii　de　Burgo）　medwelond。。。　debent　arare　tantam　terram　quantum　habent　de　prato。'

14。　Exch。　Q。　R。　Min。　Acc。　Bk。　513；　97：　'Beinerth：　12　custumarii　arabunt　6　acras　terre　ad　semen　yemale。　Grasherthe：　12　arabunt　cum　quanto　iungunt　per　unum　diem　ad　semen　yemale。'　Ely　Inqu。；　Cotton　MSS。　Claudius；　C。　xi。　f。　30；　a：　'Arabit　de　beneerthe　si　h