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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及26嫗

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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doors。     The    whole    room�察   �including    the   floor�察 �was   decorated     in  red。 

There   were   banners   with   ;Long   Live   the   Third   International;   inscribed 

upon them in many languages。             The Presidium was on the raised dais at 

the end of the room�察�Lenin sitting in the middle behind a long red´covered 

table with Albrecht�察�a young German Spartacist�察�on the right and Platten�察�

the Swiss�察�on the left。      The auditorium sloped down to the foot of the dais。 

Chairs were arranged on each side of an alleyway down the middle�察�and 

the   four   or   five   front   rows   had   little   tables   for   convenience   in   writing。 

Everybody        of  importance      was    there�察  �Trotzky�察    �Zinoviev�察   �Kamenev�察�

Chichern�察  �Bucharin�察  �Karakhan�察  �Litvinov�察  �Vorovsky�察  �Steklov�察          �Rakovsky�察�

representing   here   the   Balkan   Socialist   Party�察  �Skripnik�察  �representing   the 


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Ukraine。      Then there were Stang ��Norwegian Left Socialists���察�Grimlund 

��Swedish       Left���察  �Sadoul     ��France���察    �Finberg     ��British   Socialist    Party���察�

Reinstein ��American Socialist Labour Party���察�a Turk�察�a                 German´Austrian�察�

a Chinese�察�and so on。         Business was conducted and speeches were made 

in all languages�察�though where possible German was used�察�because more 

of the foreigners knew German than knew French。                   This was unlucky for 

me。 

       When I got there people were making reports about the situation in 

the  different   countries。     Finberg   spoke   in   English�察  �Rakovsky  in   French�察�

Sadoul   also。     Skripnik�察  �who�察  �being   asked�察  �refused   to   talk   German   and 

said he would speak in either   Ukrainian or Russia�察�and to most people's 

relief   chose    the  latter�察 �made    several    interesting   points   about    the  new 

revolution      in   the   Ukraine。      The     killing   of   the   leaders    under    the 

Skoropadsky regime had made no difference to the movement�察�and town 

after town was falling after internal revolt。 ��This was before they had Kiev 

and�察 �of   course�察 �long   before   they  had   taken   Odessa�察  �both   of   which   gains 

they confidently prophesied。�� The sharp lesson of German occupation had 

taught the Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries what their experiences during 

the    last  fifteen  months     had   taught    the  Russian�察    �and   all  parties   were 

working together。 

     But   the   real   interest   of   the   gathering   was   in   its   attitude   towards   the 

Berne conference。         Many letters had been received from members of that 

conference�察�Longuet for example�察�wishing that the Communists had been 

represented there�察�and the view taken at Moscow was that the left wing at 

Berne was   feeling   uncomfortable at   sitting   down with   Scheidemann   and 

Company�察  �let   them   definitely   break   with   them�察  �finish   with   the   Second 

International   and   join   the   Third。   It   was   clear   that   this   gathering   in   the 

Kremlin was meant as the nucleus of a new International opposed to that 

which had split into national groups�察�each supporting its own government 

in the prosecution of the war。         That was the leit motif of the whole affair。 

       Trotsky�察�in a leather coat�察�military breeches and gaiters�察�with a fur hat 

with   the   sign   of   the   Red   Army   in   front�察  �was   looking   very   well�察  �but   a 

strange figure for those who had known him as one of the greatest anti´ 

militarists     in  Europe。      Lenin      sat  quietly    listening�察   �speaking     when 


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necessary       in  almost     every    European      language      with   astonishing      ease。 

Balabanova   talked   about   Italy  and   seemed   happy   at   last�察  �even   in   Soviet 

Russia�察     �to   be   once    more     in   a   ;secret    meeting。;      It  was    really    an 

extraordinary   affair   and�察  �in   spite   of   some   childishness�察  �I   could   not   help 

realizing that I was present at something that will go down in the histories 

of socialism�察�much like that other strange meeting convened in London in 

1848。 

        The vital figures of the conference�察�not counting Platten�察�whom I do 

not   know   and   on   whom   I   can   express   no   opinion�察  �were   Lenin   and   the 

young German�察�Albrecht�察�who�察�fired no doubt by the events actually taking 

place     in  his   country�察   �spoke     with    brain   and    character。     The     German 

Austrian   also   seemed   a   real   man。        Rakovsky�察  �Skripnik�察  �and   Sirola   the 

Finn really represented something。               But there was a make´believe side to 

the whole affair�察�in which the English Left Socialists were represented by 

Finberg�察  �and   the   Americans   by   Reinstein�察  �neither   of   whom   had   or   was 

likely to have any means of communicating with his constituents。 

        March 4th。 

        In   the   Kremlin   they   were   discussing   the   programme   on   which   the 

new   International   was   to   stand。        This   is�察  �of   course�察  �dictatorship   of   the 

proletariat and all that that implies。            I heard�察�Lenin make a long speech�察�

the main point of which was to show that Kautsky and his supporters at 

Berne   were   now  condemning   the   very  tactics   which   they  had praised   in 

1906。      When   I   was   leaving   the       Kremlin   I   met   Sirola   walking   in      the 

square   outside   the   building   without   a   hat�察  �without   a   coat�察  �in   a   cold   so 

intense     that   I  was   putting    snow     on   my    nose    to  prevent    frostbite。     I 

exclaimed。        Sirola   smiled   his   ingenuous   smile。   ;It   is   March�察─  �he   said�察�

;Spring is coming。; 

        March 5th。 

        Today all secrecy was dropped�察�a little prematurely�察�I fancy�察�for when 

I   got   to   the   Kremlin   I   found   that   the   first   note   of   opposition   had   been 

struck by the man who least of all was expected to strike it。                    Albrecht�察�the 

young      German�察      �had    opposed      the   immediate       founding     of   the   Third 

International�察  �on   the   double   ground   that   not   all   nations   were   properly 

represented   and   that   it   might   make   difficulties   for   the   political   parties 


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concerned in their own countries。 Every one was against him。                    Rakovsky 

pointed   out   that   the   same   objections   could   have   been   raised   against   the 

founding   of   the   First   International   by   Marx   in   London。      The   German´ 

Austrian   combated   Albrecht's   second   point。   Other   people   said   that   the 

different parties concerned had long ago definitely broken with the Second 

International。 Albrecht was in a minority of one。              It was decided therefore 

that    this   conference      was    actually     the   Third    International。     Platten 

announced       the   decision�察  �and   the   ;International;     was   sung    in  a  dozen 

languages at once。         Then Albrecht stood up�察�a little red in the face�察�and 

said that he�察�of course�察�recognized the decision and would announce it in 

Germany。 



     March 6th。 

       The   conference   in   the   Kremlin   ended   with   the   usual   singing   and   a 

photograph。       Some time before the end�察�when Trotsky had just finished 

speaking and had left the tribune�察�there was a squeal of protest from the 

photographer   who   had   just   trained   his   apparatus。       Some   one   remarked 

;The     Dictatorship     of   the   Photographer�察─     �and�察  �amid    general    laughter�察�

Trotsky had to return to the tribune and stand silent while the unabashed 

photographer   took   two pictures。 The   founding   of the Third   International 

had been proclaimed in the morning papers�察�and an extraordinary meeting 

in the  Great Theatre  announced   for the evening。              I  got   to the theatre  at 

about five�察�and had difficulty in getting in�察�though I had a special ticket as 

a correspondent。        There were queues outside all the doors。             The Moscow 

Soviet was there�察�the Executive Committee�察�representatives of the Trades 

Unions      and   the  Factory    Committees�察      �etc。   The    huge    theatre   and   the 

platform   were   crammed�察  �people   standing   in   the   aisles   and   even   packed 

close together in the wings of the stage。           Kamenev opened the meeting by 

a solemn announcement of the founding of the Third International in the 

Kremlin。       There   was   a   roar   of   applause   from  the   audience�察  �which   rose 

and sang the ;International; in a way that I have never heard it sung since 

the All´Russian Assembly when the news came of the strikes in Germany 

during   the   Brest   negotiations。     Kamenev   then   spoke   of   those   who   had 

died on the way�察�mentioning Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg�察�and the 


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whole      theatre   stood    again   while    the   orchestra    played�察    �You    fell  as 

victims。; Then Lenin spoke。            If I had ever thought that Lenin was losing 

his personal popularity�察�I got my answer now。                It was a long time before 

he   could   speak   at   all�察  �everybody   standing   and   drowning   his   attempts   to 

speak     with    roar   after   roar   of   applause。      It   was    an   extraordinary�察�

overwhelming scene�察  �tier   after tier crammed   with   workmen�察  �the   parterre 

filled�察  �the   whole   platform   and   the   wings。   A  knot   of   workwomen   were 

close to me�察�and they almost fought to see him�察�and shouted as if each one 

were determined that he should hear her in particular。                He spoke as usual�察�

in the simplest way�察�emphasizing the fact that the revolutionary struggle 

everywhere was forced to use the Soviet forms。 ;We declare our solidarity 

with the aims of the Sovietists�察─�he read from an Italian paper�察�and added�察�

;and that was when they did not know what our aims were�察�and before we 

had   an   established   programme   ourselves。;   Albrecht   made   a   very   long 

reasoned      speech     for   Spartacus�察     �which     was    translated    by    Trotsky。 

Guilbeau�察  �seemingly   a   mere   child�察  �spoke   of   the   socialist   movement   in 

France。     Steklov was translating him when I left。               You must remember 

that I had had nearly two years of such meetings�察�and am not a Russian。 

When I got outside the theatre�察�I found at each door a disappointed crowd 

that had bee

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