russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及24嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
employment of officers who served under the old regime。 They are
against the employment of responsible technicians and commercial experts
in the factories。 They believe that officers and experts alike�察�being ex´
bourgeois�察�must be enemies of the people�察�insidiously engineering reaction。
They are opposed to any agreement with the Allies�察�exactly as they were
opposed to any agreement with the Germans。 I heard them describe the
Communists as ;the bourgeois gendarmes of the Entente�察─�on the ground
that having offered concessions they would be keeping order in Russia for
the benefit of Allied capital。 They blew up Mirbach�察�and would no doubt
try to blow up any successors he might have。 Not wanting a regular
army ��a low bourgeois weapon�� they would welcome occupation in order
that they�察�with bees in their bonnets and bombs in their hands�察�might go
about revolting against it。
I did not see Spiridonova�察�because on February 11�察�the very day when
I had an appointment with her�察�the Communists arrested her�察�on the ground
that her agitation was dangerous and anarchist in tendency�察 �fomenting
discontent without a programme for its satisfaction。 Having a great
respect for her honesty�察�they were hard put to it to know what to do with
her�察 �and she was finally sentenced to be sent for a year to a home for
neurasthenics�察 �where she would be able to read and write and recover her
normality。; That the Communists were right in fearing this agitation was
proved by the troubles in Petrograd�察�where the workmen in some of the
factories struck�察�and passed Left Social Revolutionary resolutions which�察�
so far from showing that they were awaiting reaction and General
Judenitch�察 �showed simply that they were discontented and prepared to
move to the left。
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THE MENSHEVIKS
The second main group of opposition is dominated by the
Mensheviks 。 Their chief leaders are Martov and Dan。 Of these two�察�
Martov is by far the cleverer�察 �Dan the more garrulous�察 �being often led
away by his own volubility into agitation of a kind not approved by his
friends。 Both are men of very considerable courage。 Both are Jews。
The Mensheviks would like the reintroduction of capitalists�察 �of
course much chastened by experience�察 �and properly controlled by
themselves。 Unlike Spiridonova and her romantic supporters they
approved of Chicherin's offer of peace and concessions to the Allies ��see
page 44��。 They have even issued an appeal that the Allies should come
to an agreement with ;Lenin's Government。; As may be gathered from
their choice of a name for the Soviet Government�察 �they are extremely
hostile to it�察�but they fear worse things�察�and are consequently a little shy of
exploiting as they easily could the dislike of the people for hunger and
cold。 They fear that agitation on these lines might well result in anarchy�察�
which would leave the revolution temporarily defenceless against Kolchak�察�
Denikin�察 �Judenitch or any other armed reactionary。 Their non´
Communist enemies say of the Mensheviks�此 �They have no constructive
programme�察�they would like a bourgeois government back again�察�in order
that they might be in opposition to it�察�on the left;
On March 2nd�察�I went to an election meeting of workers and officials
of the Moscow Co´operatives。 It was beastly cold in the hall of the
University where the meeting was held�察�and my nose froze as well as my
feet。 Speakers were announced from the Communists�察 �Internationalists�察�
Mensheviks�察�and Right Social Revolutionaries。 The last´named did not
arrive。 The Presidium was for the most part non´Communist�察 �and the
meeting was about equally divided for and against the Communists。 A
Communist led off with a very bad speech on the general European
situation and to the effect that there was no salvation for Russia except by
the way she was going。 Lozovsky�察 �the old Internationalist�察 �spoke next�察�
supporting the Bolsheviks' general policy but criticizing their suppression
of the press。 Then came Dan�察�the Menshevik�察�to hear whom I had come。
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He is a little�察 �sanguine man�察 �who gets very hot as he speaks。 He
conducted an attack on the whole Bolshevik position combined with a
declaration that so long as they are attacked from without he is prepared to
support them。 The gist of his speech was�此�1。 He was in favour of fighting
Kolchak。 2。 But the Bolshevik policy with regard to the peasants will�察�
since as the army grows it must contain more and more peasants�察�end in
the creation of an army with counter´revolutionary sympathies。 3。 He
objected to the Bolshevik criticism of the Berne�察�delegation ��see page 156��
on very curious grounds�察 �saying that though Thomas�察 �Henderson�察 �etc。�察�
backed their own Imperialists during the war�察�all that was now over�察�and
that union with them would help�察 �not hinder�察 �revolution in England and
France。 4。 He pointed out that ;All power to the Soviets; now means ;All
power to the Bolsheviks�察─�and said that he wished that the Soviets should
actually have all power instead of merely supporting the Bolshevik
bureaucracy。 He was asked for his own programme�察�but said he had not
time to give it。 I watched the applause carefully。 General
dissatisfaction with the present state of affairs was obvious�察�but it was also
obvious that no party would have a chance that admitted its aim was
extinction of the Soviets ��which Dan's ultimate aim certainly is�察�or at least
the changing of them into non´political industrial organizations�� or that
was not prepared to fight against reaction from without。
I went to see Sukhanov ��the friend of Gorky and Martov�察�though his
political opinions do not precisely agree with those of either���察�partly to get
the proofs of his first volume of reminiscences of the revolution�察�partly to
hear what he had to say。 I found him muffled up in a dressing gown or
overcoat in an unheated flat�察�sitting down to tea with no sugar�察�very little
bread�察 �a little sausage and a surprising scrap of butter�察 �brought in�察 �I
suppose�察�from the country by a friend。 Nikitsky�察�a Menshevik�察�was also
there�察�a hopeless figure�察�prophesying the rotting of the whole system and
of the revolution。 Sukhanov asked me if I had noticed the disappearance
of all spoons ��there are now none�察�but wooden spoons in the Metropole�� as
a symbol of the falling to pieces of the revolution。 I told him that though
I had not lived in Russia thirty years or more�察�as he had�察�I had yet lived
there long enough and had�察�before the revolution�察�sufficient experience in
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the loss of fishing tackle�察�not to be surprised that Russian peasants�察�even
delegates�察�when able�察�as in such a moment of convulsion as the revolution�察�
stole spoons if only as souvenirs to show that they had really been to
Moscow。
We talked�察�of course�察�of their attitude towards the Bolsheviks。 Both
work in Soviet institutions。 Sukhanov ��Nikitsky agreeing�� believed that
if the Bolsheviks came further to meet the other parties�察�Mensheviks�察�etc。�察�
;Kolchak and Denikin would commit suicide and your Lloyd George
would give up all thought of intervention。; I asked�察�What if they should be
told to hold a Constituent Assembly or submit to a continuance of the
blockade�拭 �Sukhanov said�察 �Such a Constituent Assembly would be
impossible�察�and we should be against it。; Of the Soviets�察�one or other said�察�
;We stand absolutely on the platform of the Soviet Government now�此�but
we think that such a form cannot be permanent。 We consider the Soviets
perfect instruments of class struggle�察 �but not a perfect form of
government。; I asked Sukhanov if he thought counter revolution possible。
He said ;No�察─�but admitted that there was a danger lest the agitation of the
Mensheviks or others might set fire to the discontent of the masses against
the actual physical conditions�察�and end in pogroms destroying Bolsheviks
and Mensheviks alike。 Their general theory was that Russia was not so
far developed that a Socialist State was at present possible。 They
therefore wanted a state in which private capital should exist�察�and in which
factories were not run by the state but by individual owners。 They
believed that the peasants�察 �with their instincts of small property´holders�察�
would eventually enforce something of the kind�察�and that the end would be
some form of democratic Republic。 These two were against the offering
of concessions to the Allies�察�on the ground that those under consideration
involved the handing over to the concessionaires of the whole power in
northern Russia´railways�察�forests�察�the right to set up their own banks in
the towns served by the railway�察�with all that this implied。 Sukhanov was
against concessions on principle�察�and regretted that the Mensheviks were
in favour of them。
I saw Martov at the offices of his newspaper�察 �which had just been
suppressed on account of an article�察 �which he admitted was a little
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indiscreet�察�objecting to the upkeep of the Red Army ��see page 167��。 He
pointed eloquently to the seal on some of the doors�察�but told me that he
had started a new paper�察�of which he showed me the first number�察�and told
me that the demand for it was such that although he had intended that it
should be a weekly he now expected to make it a daily。 Martov said that
he and his party were against every form of intervention for