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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及24嫗

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employment       of  officers   who   served   under   the   old  regime。    They    are 

against the employment of responsible technicians and commercial experts 

in the factories。     They believe that officers and experts alike�察�being ex´ 

bourgeois�察�must be enemies of the people�察�insidiously engineering reaction。 

They are opposed to any agreement with the Allies�察�exactly as they were 

opposed to any agreement with the Germans。               I heard them describe the 

Communists as ;the bourgeois gendarmes of the Entente�察─�on the ground 

that having offered concessions they would be keeping order in Russia for 

the benefit of Allied capital。      They blew up Mirbach�察�and would no doubt 

try   to   blow   up   any   successors   he   might   have。 Not   wanting   a   regular 

army ��a low bourgeois weapon�� they would welcome occupation in order 

that they�察�with bees in their bonnets and bombs in their hands�察�might go 

about revolting against it。 

       I did not see Spiridonova�察�because on February 11�察�the very day when 

I had an appointment with her�察�the Communists arrested her�察�on the ground 

that   her   agitation   was   dangerous   and   anarchist   in   tendency�察  �fomenting 

discontent     without   a  programme      for  its  satisfaction。   Having     a  great 

respect for her honesty�察�they were hard put to it to know what to do with 

her�察  �and   she   was   finally   sentenced   to   be   sent   for   a   year   to   a   home   for 

neurasthenics�察 �where she would be able to read and write and recover her 

normality。; That the Communists were right in fearing this agitation was 

proved by the troubles in Petrograd�察�where the   workmen in some of   the 

factories struck�察�and passed Left Social Revolutionary resolutions which�察�

so    far  from   showing     that  they   were   awaiting    reaction   and   General 

Judenitch�察  �showed   simply   that   they   were   discontented   and   prepared   to 

move to the left。 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



                      THE MENSHEVIKS 



       The    second     main     group    of   opposition      is  dominated      by    the 

Mensheviks   。   Their   chief   leaders   are   Martov   and   Dan。      Of   these   two�察�

Martov   is   by   far   the   cleverer�察  �Dan   the   more   garrulous�察  �being   often   led 

away by his own volubility into agitation   of a kind not approved by  his 

friends。    Both are men of very considerable courage。               Both are Jews。 

       The    Mensheviks      would     like  the   reintroduction     of  capitalists�察  �of 

course     much     chastened     by    experience�察    �and    properly    controlled     by 

themselves。        Unlike     Spiridonova      and    her   romantic    supporters     they 

approved of Chicherin's offer of peace and concessions to the Allies ��see 

page 44��。      They have even issued an appeal that the Allies should come 

to   an   agreement   with   ;Lenin's   Government。; As   may   be   gathered   from 

their   choice   of   a   name   for   the   Soviet   Government�察  �they   are   extremely 

hostile to it�察�but they fear worse things�察�and are consequently a little shy of 

exploiting   as   they   easily   could   the   dislike   of   the   people   for   hunger   and 

cold。    They fear that agitation on these lines might well result in anarchy�察�

which would leave the revolution temporarily defenceless against Kolchak�察�

Denikin�察     �Judenitch     or   any    other    armed     reactionary。      Their     non´ 

Communist enemies say of the Mensheviks�此 �They have no constructive 

programme�察�they would like a bourgeois government back again�察�in order 

that they might be in opposition to it�察�on the left; 

       On March 2nd�察�I went to an election meeting of workers and officials 

of   the   Moscow   Co´operatives。        It   was   beastly   cold   in   the   hall   of   the 

University where the meeting was held�察�and my nose froze as well as my 

feet。    Speakers were announced from the Communists�察                 �Internationalists�察�

Mensheviks�察�and Right Social Revolutionaries。                The     last´named did not 

arrive。     The   Presidium   was   for   the   most   part   non´Communist�察  �and   the 

meeting was about equally divided   for and against the Communists。                       A 

Communist        led  off  with   a  very   bad   speech    on   the  general    European 

situation and to the effect that there was no salvation for Russia except by 

the   way  she   was   going。    Lozovsky�察 �the   old   Internationalist�察  �spoke   next�察�

supporting the Bolsheviks' general policy but criticizing their suppression 

of the press。     Then came Dan�察�the Menshevik�察�to hear whom I had come。 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



He    is  a  little�察 �sanguine    man�察   �who    gets   very   hot   as  he   speaks。    He 

conducted   an   attack   on   the   whole   Bolshevik   position   combined   with   a 

declaration that so long as they are attacked from without he is prepared to 

support them。 The gist of his speech was�此�1。 He was in favour of fighting 

Kolchak。   2。   But   the   Bolshevik   policy   with   regard   to   the   peasants   will�察�

since as the army grows it must contain more and more peasants�察�end in 

the   creation    of  an   army   with    counter´revolutionary   sympathies。         3。  He 

objected to the Bolshevik criticism of the Berne�察�delegation ��see page 156�� 

on   very   curious   grounds�察  �saying   that   though   Thomas�察  �Henderson�察  �etc。�察�

backed their own Imperialists during the war�察�all that was now over�察�and 

that   union   with   them  would   help�察  �not   hinder�察  �revolution   in   England   and 

France。 4。 He pointed out that ;All power to the Soviets; now means ;All 

power to the Bolsheviks�察─�and said that he wished that the Soviets should 

actually     have    all  power    instead    of  merely     supporting     the  Bolshevik 

bureaucracy。       He was asked for his own programme�察�but said he had not 

time     to   give    it。    I    watched      the    applause     carefully。      General 

dissatisfaction with the present state of affairs was obvious�察�but it was also 

obvious   that   no   party   would   have   a   chance   that   admitted   its   aim   was 

extinction of the Soviets ��which Dan's ultimate aim certainly is�察�or at least 

the   changing   of   them   into   non´political   industrial   organizations��   or   that 

was not prepared to fight against reaction from without。 

       I went to see Sukhanov ��the friend of Gorky and Martov�察�though his 

political opinions do not precisely agree with those of either���察�partly to get 

the proofs of his first volume of reminiscences of the revolution�察�partly to 

hear what he had to say。          I found him muffled up in a dressing gown or 

overcoat in an unheated flat�察�sitting down to tea with no sugar�察�very little 

bread�察   �a  little  sausage    and   a  surprising    scrap   of  butter�察  �brought    in�察 �I 

suppose�察�from the country by a friend。              Nikitsky�察�a Menshevik�察�was also 

there�察�a hopeless figure�察�prophesying the rotting of the whole system and 

of the revolution。       Sukhanov asked me if I had noticed the disappearance 

of all spoons ��there are now none�察�but wooden spoons in the Metropole�� as 

a symbol of the falling to pieces of the revolution。              I told him that though 

I had not lived in Russia thirty years or more�察�as he had�察�I had yet lived 

there long enough and had�察�before the revolution�察�sufficient experience in 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



the loss of fishing tackle�察�not to be surprised that Russian peasants�察�even 

delegates�察�when able�察�as in such a moment of convulsion as the revolution�察�

stole   spoons   if   only   as   souvenirs   to   show   that   they   had   really   been   to 

Moscow。 

       We talked�察�of course�察�of their attitude towards the Bolsheviks。                Both 

work in Soviet institutions。         Sukhanov ��Nikitsky agreeing�� believed that 

if the Bolsheviks came further to meet the other parties�察�Mensheviks�察�etc。�察�

;Kolchak      and   Denikin     would    commit   suicide     and   your   Lloyd    George 

would give up all thought of intervention。; I asked�察�What if they should be 

told   to   hold   a   Constituent   Assembly   or   submit   to   a   continuance   of   the 

blockade�拭     �Sukhanov       said�察  �Such     a  Constituent     Assembly      would     be 

impossible�察�and we should be against it。; Of the Soviets�察�one or other said�察�

;We stand absolutely on the platform of the Soviet Government now�此�but 

we think that such a form cannot be permanent。                We consider the Soviets 

perfect     instruments      of  class    struggle�察   �but   not   a   perfect    form    of 

government。; I asked Sukhanov if he thought counter revolution possible。 

He said ;No�察─�but admitted that there was a danger lest the agitation of the 

Mensheviks or others might set fire to the discontent of the masses against 

the actual physical conditions�察�and end in pogroms destroying Bolsheviks 

and Mensheviks alike。          Their general theory was that Russia was not so 

far   developed      that  a  Socialist    State   was   at  present    possible。     They 

therefore wanted a state in which private capital should exist�察�and in which 

factories    were    not  run   by   the  state  but   by   individual    owners。     They 

believed that   the  peasants�察 �with their  instincts  of small   property´holders�察�

would eventually enforce something of the kind�察�and that the end would be 

some form of democratic Republic。              These two were against the offering 

of concessions to the Allies�察�on the ground that those under consideration 

involved   the   handing   over  to   the   concessionaires of   the  whole  power  in 

northern     Russia´railways�察�forests�察�the right to set up their own banks in 

the towns served by the railway�察�with all that this implied。 Sukhanov was 

against concessions on principle�察�and regretted that the Mensheviks were 

in favour of them。 

       I   saw   Martov   at   the   offices   of   his   newspaper�察  �which   had   just   been 

suppressed      on   account    of   an  article�察 �which     he  admitted     was   a  little 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



indiscreet�察�objecting   to  the upkeep of   the   Red Army  ��see   page   167��。   He 

pointed eloquently to the seal on some of the doors�察�but told me that he 

had started a new paper�察�of which he showed me the first number�察�and told 

me that the demand for it was such that although he had intended that it 

should be a weekly he now expected to make it a daily。                     Martov said that 

he and his party were against every form of intervention for 

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