letters to his son, 1749-第10章
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s whatever is necessary for the dignity of manners。
In my next I will send you a general map of courts； a region yet unexplored by you； but which you are one day to inhabit。 The ways are generally crooked and full of turnings； sometimes strewed with flowers； sometimes choked up with briars； rotten ground and deep pits frequently lie concealed under a smooth and pleasing surface； all the paths are slippery； and every slip is dangerous。 Sense and discretion must accompany you at your first setting out； but； notwithstanding those； till experience is your guide； you will every now and then step out of your way； or stumble。
Lady Chesterfield has just now received your German letter； for which she thanks you； she says the language is very correct； and I can plainly see that the character is well formed； not to say better than your English character。 Continue to write German frequently； that it may become quite familiar to you。 Adieu。
LETTER LXXIX
LONDON； August 21； O。 S。 1749。
DEAR BOY： By the last letter that I received from Mr。 Harte； of the 31st July； N。 S。； I suppose you are now either at Venice or Verona； and perfectly re covered of your late illness： which I am daily more and more convinced had no consumptive tendency； however； for some time still； 'faites comme s'il y en avoit'； be regular； and live pectorally。
You will soon be at courts； where； though you will not be concerned； yet reflection and observation upon what you see and hear there may be of use to you； when hereafter you may come to be concerned in courts yourself。 Nothing in courts is exactly as it appears to be； often very different； sometimes directly contrary。 Interest； which is the real spring of everything there； equally creates and dissolves friendship； produces and reconciles enmities： or； rather； allows of neither real friendships nor enmities； for； as Dryden very justly observes； POLITICIANS NEITHER LOVE NOR HATE。 This is so true； that you may think you connect yourself with two friends to…day； and be obliged tomorrow to make your option between them as enemies； observe； therefore； such a degree of reserve with your friends as not to put yourself in their power； if they should become your enemies； and such a degree of moderation with your enemies； as not to make it impossible for them to become your friends。
Courts are； unquestionably； the seats of politeness and good…breeding； were they not so； they would be the seats of slaughter and desolation。 Those who now smile upon and embrace； would affront and stab each other； if manners did not interpose； but ambition and avarice； the two prevailing passions at courts； found dissimulation more effectual than violence； and dissimulation introduced that habit of politeness； which distinguishes the courtier from the country gentleman。 In the former case the strongest body would prevail； in the latter； the strongest mind。
A man of parts and efficiency need not flatter everybody at court； but he must take great care to offend nobody personally； it being in the power of every man to hurt him； who cannot serve him。 Homer supposes a chain let down from Jupiter to the earth； to connect him with mortals。 There is； at all courts； a chain which connects the prince or the minister with the page of the back stairs； or the chamber…maid。 The king's wife； or mistress； has an influence over him； a lover has an influence over her； the chambermaid； or the valet de chambre； has an influence over both； and so ad infinitum。 You must； therefore； not break a link of that chain； by which you hope to climb up to the prince。
You must renounce courts if you will not connive at knaves； and tolerate fools。 Their number makes them considerable。 You should as little quarrel as connect yourself with either。
Whatever you say or do at court； you may depend upon it； will be known； the business of most of those； who crowd levees and antichambers； being to repeat all that they see or hear； and a great deal that they neither see nor hear； according as they are inclined to the persons concerned； or according to the wishes of those to whom they hope to make their court。 Great caution is therefore necessary； and if； to great caution； you can join seeming frankness and openness； you will unite what Machiavel reckons very difficult but very necessary to be united； 'volto sciolto e pensieri stretti'。
Women are very apt to be mingled in court intrigues； but they deserve attention better than confidence； to hold by them is a very precarious tenure。
I am agreeably interrupted in these reflections by a letter which I have this moment received from Baron Firmian。 It contains your panegyric； and with the strongest protestations imaginable that he does you only justice。 I received this favorable account of you with pleasure； and I communicate it to you with as much。 While you deserve praise； it is reasonable you should know that you meet with it； and I make no doubt； but that it will encourage you in persevering to deserve it。 This is one paragraph of the Baron's letter： Ses moeurs dans un age si tendre； reglees selon toutes les loix d'une morale exacte et sensee； son application （that is what I like） a tout ce qui s'appelle etude serieuse； et Belles Lettres； ＇〃Notwithstanding his great youth； his manners are regulated by the most unexceptionable rules of sense and of morality。 His application THAT IS WHAT I LIKE to every kind of serious study； as well as to polite literature； without even the least appearance of ostentatious pedantry； render him worthy of your most tender affection； and I have the honor of assuring you； that everyone cannot but be pleased with the acquisition of his acquaintance or of his friendship。 I have profited of it； both here and at Vienna； and shall esteem myself very happy to make use of the permission he has given me of continuing it by letter。〃 Reputation； like health； is preserved and increased by the same means by which it is acquired。 Continue to desire and deserve praise； and you will certainly find it。 Knowledge； adorned by manners； will infallibly procure it。 Consider； that you have but a little way further to get to your journey's end； therefore； for God's sake； do not slacken your pace； one year and a half more of sound application； Mr。 Harte assures me； will finish this work； and when this work is finished well； your own will be very easily done afterward。 'Les Manieres et les Graces' are no immaterial parts of that work； and I beg that you will give as much of your attention。 to them as to your books。 Everything depends upon them； 'senza di noi ogni fatica e vana'。 The various companies you now go into will procure them you； if you will carefully observe； and form yourself upon those who have them。
Adieu！ God bless you！ and may you ever deserve that affection with which I am now； Yours。
LETTER LXXX
LONDON； September 5； O。 S。 1749。
DEAR BOY ： I have received yours from Laubach； of the 17th of August； N。 S。； with the inclosed for Comte Lascaris； which I have given him； and with which he is extremely pleased； as I am with your account of Carniola。 I am very glad that you attend to； and inform yourself of； the political objects of the country you go through。 Trade and manufactures are very considerable； not to say the most important ones； for； though armies and navies are the shining marks of the strength of countries； they would be very ill paid； and consequently fight very ill； if manufactures and commerce did not support them。 You have certainly observed in Germany the inefficiency of great powers； with great tracts of country and swarms of men； which are absolutely useless； if not paid by other powers who have the resources of manufactures and commerce。 This we have lately experienced to be the case of the two empresses of Germany and Russia： England； France； and Spain； must pay their respective allies； or they may as well be without them。
I have not the least objection to your taking； into the bargain； the observation of natural curiosities； they are very welcome； provided they do not take up the room of better things。 But the forms of government； the maxims of policy； the strength or weakness； the trade and commerce； of the several countries you see or hear of are the important objects； which I recommend to your most minute inquiries； and most serious attention。 I thought that the republic of Venice had by this time laid aside that silly and frivolous piece of policy； of endeavoring to conceal their form of government； which anybody may know； pretty nearly； by taking the pains to read four or five books； which explain all the great parts of it； and as for some of the little wheels of that machine； the knowledge of them would be as little useful to others as dangerous to themselves。 Their best policy （I can tell them） is to keep quiet； and to offend no one great power； by joining with another。 Their escape； after the Ligue of Cambray； should prove a useful lesson to them。
I am glad you frequent the assemblies at Venice。 Have you seen Monsieur and Madame Capello； and how did they receive you？ Let me know who are the ladies whose houses you frequent the most。 Have you seen the Comptesse d'Orselska； Princess of Holstein？ Is Comte Algarotti； who was the TENANT there； at Venice？
You will； in many parts of Italy； meet with numbers of the Pretender's people （English； Scotch； and Irish fugitives）； especially at Rome； probably the Pretender himself。 It is none of your business to declare war to these people； as little as it is your interest； or； I hope； your inclination； to connect yourself with them； and therefore I recommend to you a perfect neutrality。 Avoid them as much as you can with decency and good manners； but when you cannot； avoid any political conversation or debates with them； tell them that you do not concern yourself with political matters： that you are neither maker nor a deposer of kings； that when you left England； you left a king in it； and have not since heard either of his death； or of any revolution that has happened； and that you take kings and kingdoms as you find them； but enter no further into matters with them； which can be of no use； and might bring on heats and quarrels。 When you speak of the old Pretender； you will call him only the Chevalier de St。 George；but mention him as seldom as possible。 Should he chance to speak to you at any assembly （as； I am told； he sometimes does to the English）； be sure that you seem not to know him； and answer him civilly； but always either in French or in Italian； and give him； in the former； the appellation of Monsieur； and in the latter； of Signore。 Should you meet with the Cardinal of York； you will be under no difficulty； for he has； as Cardinal； an undoubted right to 'Eminenza'。 Upon the whole； see any of those people as little as possible； when you do see them； be civil to them； upon the footing of strangers； but never be drawn into any altercations with them about the imaginary right of their king； as they call him。
It is to no sort of purpose to talk to those people of the natural rights of mankind； and the particular constitution of this country。 Blinded by prejudices； soured by misfortunes； and tempted by their necessities； they are as incapable of reasoning rightly；
