science of logic-第31章

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being　in　the　sense　of　the　subject。　But　the　Notion；　or　at　least　the　essence　and　the　universal　in
general；　is　first　given　by　the　predicate；　and　it　is　this　that　is　asked　for　in　the　sense　of　the　judgment。
Consequently；　God；　spirit；　nature；　or　whatever　it　may　be；　is　as　the　subject　of　a　judgment　at　first
only　the　name；　what　such　a　subject　is　as　regards　its　Notion　is　first　enunciated　in　the　predicate。
When　enquiry　is　made　as　to　the　kind　of　predicate　belonging　to　such　subject；　the　act　of　judgment
necessarily　implies　an　underlying　Notion。　But　this　Notion　is　first　enunciated　by　the　predicate　itself。
Properly　speaking；　therefore；　it　is　the　mere　general　idea　that　constitutes　the　presupposed　meaning
of　the　subject　and　that　leads　to　the　naming　of　it；　and　in　doing　this　it　is　contingent　and　a　historical
fact；　what　is；　or　is　not；　to　be　understood　by　a　name。　So　many　disputes　about　whether　a　predicate
does　or　does　not　belong　to　a　certain　subject　are　therefore　nothing　more　than　verbal　disputes；
because　they　start　from　the　form　above　mentioned；　what　lies　at　the　base　is　so　far　nothing　more
than　the　name。

We　have　now　to　examine；　secondly；　how　the　relation　of　subject　and　predicate　in　the　judgment　is
determined　and　how　subject　and　predicate　themselves　are　at　first　determined　through　this　very
relation。　The　judgment　has　in　general　for　its　sides　totalities　which　to　begin　with　are　essentially
self…subsistent。　The　unity　of　the　Notion　is；　therefore；　at　first　only　a　relation　of　self…subsistents；　not
as　yet　the　concrete　and　pregnant　unity　that　has　returned　into　itself　from　this　reality；　but　only　a
unity　outside　which　the　self…subsistent　sides　persist　as　extremes　that　are　not　sublated　in　it。　Now
consideration　of　the　judgment　can　begin　from　the　original　unity　of　the　Notion；　or　from　the
self…subsistence　of　the　extremes。　The　judgment　is　the　self…diremption　of　the　Notion；　this　unity　is；
therefore；　the　ground　from　which　the　consideration　of　the　judgment　in　accordance　with　its　true
objectivity　begins。　It　is　thus　the　original　division　＇Teilung＇　of　what　is　originally　one；　thus　the
word　Urteil　refers　to　what　judgment　is　in　and　for　itself。　But　regarded　from　the　side　of　externality；
the　Notion　is　present　in　the　judgment　as　Appearance；　since　its　moments　therein　attain
self…subsistence；　and　it　is　on　this　external　side　that　ordinary　thinking　tends　to　fasten。

From　this　subjective　standpoint；　then；　subject　and　predicate　are　considered　to　be　complete；　each
on　its　own　account；　apart　from　the　other：　the　subject　as　an　object　that　would　exist　even　if　it　did　not
possess　this　predicate；　the　predicate　as　a　universal　determination　that　would　exist　even　if　it　did　not
belong　to　this　subject。　From　this　standpoint；　the　act　of　judgment　involves　the　reflection；　whether
this　or　that　predicate　which　is　in　someone's　head　can　and　should　be　attached　to　the　object　which
exists　on　its　own　account　outside；　the　very　act　of　judging　consists　in　this；　that　only　through　it　is　a
predicate　combined　with　a　subject；　so　that；　if　this　combination　did　not　take　place；　each　on　its　own
would　still　remain　what　it　is；　the　latter　an　existent　object；　the　former　an　idea　in　someone's　head。
The　predicate　which　is　attached　to　the　subject　should；　however；　also　belong　to　it；　that　is；　be　in　and
for　itself　identical　with　it。　Through　this　significance　of　attachment；　the　subjective　meaning　of
judgment　and　the　indifferent；　outer　subsistence　of　subject　and　predicate　are　sublated　again：　this
action　is　good；　the　copula　indicates　that　the　predicate　belongs　to　the　being　of　the　subject　and　is
not　merely　externally　combined　with　it。　In　the　grammatical　sense；　that　subjective　relationship　in
which　one　starts　from　the　indifferent　externality　of　the　subject　and　predicate　has　its　complete
validity；　for　it　is　words　that　are　here　externally　combined。　We　may　take　this　opportunity　of
remarking；　too；　that　though　a　proposition　has　a　subject　and　predicate　in　the　grammatical　sense；
this　does　not　make　it　a　judgment。　The　latter　requires　that　the　predicate　be　related　to　the　subject
as　one　Notion　determination　to　another；　and　therefore　as　a　universal　to　a　particular　or　individual。　If
a　statement　about　a　particular　subject　only　enunciates　something　individual；　then　this　is　a　mere
proposition；　For　example；　'Aristotle　died　at　the　age　of　73；　in　the　fourth　year　of　the　115th
Olympiad；'　is　a　mere　proposition；　not　a　judgment。　It　would　partake　of　the　nature　of　a　judgment
only　if　doubt　had　been　thrown　on　one　of　the　circumstances；　the　date　of　the　death；　or　the　age　of
that　philosopher；　and　the　given　figures　had　been　asserted　on　the　strength　of　some　reason　or　other。
In　that　case；　these　figures　would　be　taken　as　something　universal；　as　time　that　still　subsists　apart
from　this　particular　content　of　the　death　of　Aristotle；　whether　as　time　filled　with　some　other
content；　or　even　as　empty　time。　Similarly；　the　news　that　my　friend　N。　has　died　is　a　proposition；　and
it　would　be　a　judgment　only　if　there　were　a　question　whether　he　was　really　dead　or　only　in　a　state
of　catalepsy。

In　the　usual　way　of　defining　the　judgment　we　may　indeed　accept　the　indeterminate　expression
connection　for　the　external　copula；　as　also　that　the　connected　terms　are　at　least　supposed　to　be
notions。　But　in　other　respects　this　definition　is　superficial　in　the　extreme：　not　only；　for　example；　that
in　the　disjunctive　judgment　more　than　two　so…called　notions　are　connected；　but　rather　that　the
definition　is　far　better　than　its　subject　matter；　for　it　is　not　notions　at　all　that　are　meant；　hardly
determinations　of　the　Notion；　but　really　only　determinations　of　representational　thought；　it　was
remarked　in　connection　with　the　Notion　in　general　and　the　determinate　Notion；　that　what　is　usually
so　named　by　no　means　deserves　the　name　of　Notion；　where　then　should　Notions　come　from　in　the
case　of　the　judgment？　Above　all；　in　this　definition　the　essential　feature　of　the　judgment；　namely；　the
difference　of　its　determinations；　is　passed　over；　still　less　does　it　take　into　account　the　relationship
of　the　judgment　to　the　Notion。

As　regards　the　further　determination　of　the　subject　and　predicate；　we　have　remarked　that　it　is
really　in　the　judgment　first　that　they　have　to　receive　their　determination。　Since　the　judgment　is　the
posited　determinateness　of　the　Notion；　this　determinateness　possesses　the　said　differences
immediately　and　abstractly　as　individuality　and　universality。　But　in　so　far　as　the　judgment　is　in
general　the　determinate　being　or　otherness　of　the　Notion　which　has　not　yet　restored　itself　to　the
unity　whereby　it　is　as　Notion；　there　emerges　also…the　determinateness　which　is　notionless；　the
opposition　of　being　and　reflection　or　the　in…itself。　But　since　the　Notion　constitutes　the　essential
ground　of　the　judgment；　these　determinations　are　at　least　indifferent　to　the　extent　that　when　one
belongs　to　the　subject　and　the　other　to　the　predicate；　the　converse　relationship　equally　holds　good。
The　subject　as　the　individual　appears；　in　the　first　instance；　as　that　which　simply　is　or　is　for　itself
in　accordance　with　the　specific　determinateness　of　the　individual…as　an　actual　object；　even　though
it　be　only　an　object　in　representational　thought…as　for　example　bravery；　right；　agreement；　etc。…on
which　judgment　is　being　made。　The　predicate；　on　the　other　hand；　as　the　universal；　appears　as
this　reflection　on　the　object；　or　rather　as　the　object's　reflection　into　itself；　which　goes　beyond　that
immediacy　and　sublates　the　determinatenesses　in　their　form　of　mere　being；　that　is；　it　is　the　object's
in…itself。　In　this　way；　one　starts　from　the　individual　as　the　first；　the　immediate；　and　it　is　raised　by
the　judgment　into　universality；　just　as；　conversely；　the　universal　that　is　only　in　itself　descends　in
the　individual　into　determinate　being　or　becomes　a　being　that　is　for　itself。

This　signification　of　the　judgment　is　to　be　taken　as　its　objective　meaning；　and　at　the　same　time　as
the　truth　of　the　earlier　forms　of　the　transition。　In　the　sphere　of　being；　the　object　becomes　and
others　itself；　the　finite　perishes　or　goes　under　in　the　infinite；　in　the　sphere　of　Existence；　the　object
issues　from　its　ground　into　Appearance　and　falls　to　the　ground；　the　accident　manifests　the
wealth　of　substance　as　well　as　its　power；　in　being；　there　is　transition　into　an　other；　in　essence；
reflected　being　in　an　other　by　which　the　necessary　relation　is　revealed。　This　movement　of
transition　and　reflection　has　now　passed　over　into　the　original　partition　of　the　Notion　which；
while　bringing　back　the　individual　to　the　in…itself　of　its　universality；　equally　determines　the　universal
as　something　actual　These　two　acts　are　one　and　the　same　process　in　which　individuality　is　posited
in　its　reflection…into…self；　and　the　universal　as　determinate。

But　now　this　objective　signification　equally　implies　that　the　said　differences；　in　reappearing　in　the
determinateness　of　the　Notion；　are　at　the　same　time　posited　only　as　Appearances；　that　is；　that
they　are　not　anything　fixed；　but　apply　just　as　much　to　the　one　Notion　determination　as　to　the　other。
The　subject　is；　therefore；　just　as　much　to　be　taken　as　the　in…itself；　and　the　predicate；　on　the　other
hand；　as　determinate　being。　The　subject　without　predicate　is　what　the　thing　without　qualities；
the　thing…in…itself　is　in　the　sphere　of　Appearance　　an　empty；　indeterminate　ground；　as　such；　it　is
the　Notion　enclosed　within　itself；　which　only　receives　a　differentiation　and　determinateness　in　the
predicate；　the　predicate　therefore　constitutes　the　side　of　the　determinate　being　of　the　subject。
Through　this　determinate　universality　the　subject　stands　in　relation　to　an　externality；　is　open　to　the
influence　of　other　things　and　thereby　becomes　actively　opposed　to　them。　What　is　there　comes
forth　from　its　being…within…self　and　enters　into　the　universal　element　of　connection　and
relationship；　into　the　negative　connections　and　the　interplay　of　actuality；　which　is　a　continuation　of
the　individual　into　other　individuals　and　therefore　universality。

The　identity　just　demonstrated；　namely；　that　the　determination　of　the　subject　equally　applies　to　the
predicate　and　vice　versa；　is　not；　however；　something　only　for　us；　it　is　not　merely　in　itself；　but　is
also　posited　in　the　judgment；　for　the　judgment　is　the　connection　of　the　two；　the　copula　expresses
that　the　subject　is　the　predicate。　The　subject　is　the　specific　determinateness；　and　the　predicate　is
this　posited　determinateness　of　the　subject；　the　subject　is　determined　only　in　its　predicate；　or；　only
in　the　predicate　is　it　a　subject；　in　the　predicate　it　has　returned　into　itself　and　is　therein　the　universal。
Now　in　so　far　as　the　subject　is　the　self…subsistent；　this　identity　has　the　relationship　that　the
predicate　does　not　possess　a　self…subsistence　of　its　own；　but　has　its　subsistence　only　in　the
subject；　it　inheres　in　the　subject。　Since　the　predicate　is　thus　distinct　from　the　subject；　it　is　only　an
isolated　determinateness　of　the　latter；　only　one　of　its　properties；　while　the　subject　itself　is　the
concrete；　the　totality　of　manifold　determinatenesses；　just　as　the　predicate　contains　one；　it　is　the
universal。

But　on…the　other　hand　the　predicate；　too；　is　a　self…subsistent　universality　and　the　subject；
conversely；　only　a　dete