science of logic-第23章

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passivity　of　being　acted　upon；　or　the　passivity　of　the　cause　itself。　But　further；　this　'being　acted
upon'　does　not　originate　in　another　causal　substance；　but　simply　from　a　causality　which　is
conditioned　by　being　acted　upon；　or　is　a　mediated　causality。　Consequently；　this　initially　external
moment　which　attaches　to　cause　and　constitutes　the　side　of　its　passivity；　is　mediated　by　itself；　is
produced　by　its　own　activity；　and　is　thus　the　passivity　posited　by　its　own　activity。　Causality　is
conditioned　and　conditioning；　the　conditioning　side　is　passive；　but　the　conditioned　side　equally　is
passive。　This　conditioning　or　passivity　is　the　negation　of　cause　by　the　cause　itself；　in　that　it
essentially　converts　itself　into　effect　and　precisely　through　this　is　cause。　Reciprocity　is；　therefore；
only　causality　itself；　cause　not　only　has　an　effect；　but　in　the　effect　it　stands；　as　cause；　in　relation　to
itself。

Causality　has　hereby　returned　to　its　absolute　Notion；　and　at　the　same　time　has　attained　to　the
Notion　itself。　At　first；　it　is　real　necessity；　absolute　identity　with　itself；　so　that　the　difference　of
necessity　and　the　related　determinations　in　it　are　substances；　free　actualities；　over　against　one
another。　Necessity　is；　in　this　way；　inner　identity；　causality　is　the　manifestation　of　this；　in　which　its
illusory　show　of　substantial　otherness　has　sublated　itself　and　necessity　is　raised　to　freedom。

In　reciprocity；　originative　causality　displays　itself　as　an　arising　from　its　negation；　from　passivity；
and　as　a　passing　away　into　the　same；　as　a　becoming；　but　in　such　a　manner　that　at　the　same　time
this　becoming　is　equally　only　illusory；　the　transition　into　an　other　is　a　reflection　into　itself；　the
negation；　which　is　ground　of　the　cause；　is　its　positive　union　with　itself。

In　reciprocity；　therefore；　necessity　and　causality　have　vanished；　they　contain　both；　immediate
identity　as　connection　and　relation；　and　the　absolute　substantiality　of　the　different　sides；
hence　the　absolute　contingency　of　them；；　the　original　unity　of　substantial　difference；　and
therefore　absolute　contradiction。　Necessity　is　being；　because　it　is…the　unity　of　being　with　itself　that
has　itself　for　ground；　but　conversely；　because　it　has　a　ground　it　is　not　being；　it　is　an　altogether
illusory　being；　relation　or　mediation。　Causality　is　this　posited　transition　of　originative　being；　of
cause；　into　illusory　being　or　mere　positedness；　and　conversely；　of　positedness　into　originativeness；
but　the　identity　itself　of　being　and　illusory　being　is　still　an　inner　necessity。

This　inwardness　or　this　in…itself；　sublates　the　movement　of　causality；　with　the　result　that　the
substantiality　of　the　sides　standing　in　relation　is　lost；　and　necessity　unveils　itself。　Necessity　does　not
become　freedom　by　vanishing；　but　only　because　its　still　inner　identity　is　manifested；　a
manifestation　which　is　the　identical。　movement　of　the　different　sides　within　themselves；　the
reflection　of　the　illusory　being　as　illusory　being　into　itself。


Conversely；　at　the　same　time；　contingency　becomes　freedom；　for　the　sides　of　necessity；　which
have　the　shape　of　independent；　free　actualities　not　reflecting　themselves　in　one　another；　are　now
posited　as　an　identity；　so　that　these　totalities　of　reflection…into…self　in　their　difference　are　now　also
reflected　as　identical；　or　are　posited　as　only　one　and　the　same　reflection。

Absolute　substance；　which　as　absolute　form　distinguishes　itself　from　itself；　therefore　no　longer
repels　itself　as　necessity　from　itself；　nor；　as　contingency；　does　it　fall　asunder　into　indifferent；
self…external　substances；　on　the　contrary；　it　differentiates　itself；　on　the　one　hand；　into　the　totality　…
heretofore　passive　substance　…　which　is　originative　as　reflection　out　of　the　determinateness　into
itself；　as　a　simple　whole；　which　contains　within　itself　its　positedness　and　is　posited　as
self…identical　therein…the　universal；　on　the　other　hand；　it　differentiates　itself　into　the　totality　…
heretofore　causal　substance　…　into　the　reflection　equally　out　of　the　determinateness　into　itself　to　a
negative　determinateness　which；　as　thus　the　self…identical　determinateness　is　likewise　posited　as
the　whole；　but　as　self…identical　negativity…the　individual。　But　because　the　universal　is
self…identical　only　in　that　it　contains　the　determinateness　within　itself　as　sublated；　and　therefore
the　negative　as　negative；　it　is　immediately　the　same　negativity　which　individuality　is；　and
individuality；　because　it　is　equally　the　determinate　determinate；　the　negative　as　negative；　is
immediately　the　same　identity　which　universality　is。　This　their　simple　identity　is　particularity；
which　contains　in　immediate　unity　the　moment　of　determinateness　of　the　individual　and　the
moment　of　reflection…into…self　of　the　universal。　These　three　totalities　are；　therefore；　one　and　the
same　reflection；　which；　as　negative　self…relation；　differentiates　itself　into　these　two；　but　into　a
perfectly　transparent　difference；　namely；　into　a　determinate　simplicity　or　simple
determinateness　which　is　their　one　and　the　same　identity。

This　is　the　Notion；　the　realm　of　subjectivity　or　of　freedom。　




SUBJECTIVE　LOGIC
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　or

　　　　　　　　　　　THE　DOCTRINE　OF　THE　NOTION
　　　　　　　　THE　NOTION　IN　GENERAL


What　the　nature　of　the　Notion　is；　can　no　more　be　stated　offhand　than　can　the　Notion　of　any
other　object。　It　might　perhaps　seem　that；　in　order　to　state　the　Notion　of　an　object；　the　logical
element　were　presupposed　and　that　therefore　this　could　not　in　turn　have　something　else　for　its
presupposition；　nor　be　deduced；　just　as　in　geometry　logical　propositions　as　applied　to　magnitude
and　employed　in　that　science；　are　premised　in　the　form　of　axioms；　determinations　of　cognition　that
have　not　been　and　cannot　be　deduced。　Now　although　it　is　true　that　the　Notion　is　to　be　regarded；
not　merely　as　a　subjective　presupposition　but　as　the　absolute　foundation；　yet　it　can　be　so　only　in
so　far　as　it　has　made　itself　the　foundation。　Abstract　immediacy　is　no　doubt　a　first；　yet　in　so　far　as
it　is　abstract　it　is；　on　the　contrary　mediated；　and　therefore　if　it　is　to　be　grasped　in　its　truth　its
foundation　must　first　be　sought。　Hence　this　foundation；　though　indeed　an　immediate；　must　have
made　itself　immediate　through　the　sublation　of　mediation。　

From　this　aspect　the　Notion　is　to　be　regarded　in　the　first　instance　simply　as　the　third　to　being　and
essence；　to　the　immediate　and　to　reflection。　Being　and　essence　are　so　far　the　moments　of　its
becoming；　but　it　is　their　foundation　and　truth　as　the　identity　in　which　they　are　submerged　and
contained。　They　are　contained　in　it　because　it　is　their　result；　but　no　longer　as　being　and　essence。
That　determination　they　possess　only　in　so　far　as　they　have　not　withdrawn　into　this　their　unity。
　

Objective　logic　therefore；　which　treats　of　being　and　essence　constitutes　properly　the　genetic
exposition　of　the　Notion。　More　precisely；　substance　is　already　real　essence；　or　essence　in　so
far　as　it　is　united　with　being　and　has　entered　into　actuality。　Consequently；　the　Notion　has
substance　for　its　immediate　presupposition；　what　is　implicit　in　substance　is　manifested　in　the
Notion。　Thus　the　dialectical　movement　of　substance　through　causality　and　reciprocity　is　the
immediate　genesis　of　the　Notion；　the　exposition　of　the　process　of　its　becoming。　But　the
significance　of　its　becoming；　as　of　every　becoming　is　that　it　is　the　reflection　of　the　transient　into　its
ground　and　that　the　at　first　apparent　other　into　which　the　former　has　passed　constitutes　its　truth。
Accordingly　the　Notion　is　the　truth　of　substance；　and　since　substance　has　necessity　for　its　specific
mode　of　relationship；　freedom　reveals　itself　as　the　truth　of　necessity　and　as　the　mode　of
relationship　proper　to　the　Notion。　

The　progressive　determination　of　substance　necessitated　by　its　own　nature；　is　the　positing　of　what
is　in　and　for　itself。　Now　the　Notion　is　that　absolute　unity　of　being　and　reflection　in　which　being　is
in　and　for　itself　only　in　so　far　as　it　is　no　less　reflection　or　positedness；　and　positedness　is　no　less
being　that　is　in　and　for　itself。　This　abstract　result　is　elucidated　by　the　exposition　of　its　concrete
genesis；　that　exposition　contains　the　nature　of　the　Notion　whose　treatment　it　must　have　preceded。
The　chief　moments　of　this　exposition　（which　has　been　given　in　detail　in　the　Second　Book　of　the
Objective　Logic）　can　therefore　only　be　briefly　summarised　here。　

Substance　is　the　absolute；　the　actuality　that　is　in　and　for　itself　in　itself　as　the　simple　identity　of
possibility　and　actuality；　absolute　essence　containing　all　actuality　and　possibility　within　itself；　and
for　itself；　being　this　identity　as　absolute　power　or　purely　self…related　negativity。　The　movement　of
substantiality　posited　by　these　moments　consists　in　the　following　stages：　

1。　Substance；　as　absolute　power　or　self…related　negativity；　differentiates　itself　into　a　relationship　in
which　what　were　at　first　only　simple　moments　are　substances　and　original　presuppositions。　Their
specific　relationship　is　that　of　a　passive　substance；　of　the　original　immediacy　of　the　simple
inwardness　or　in…itself　which；　powerless　to　posit　itself；　is　only　an　original　positedness　and　of　an
active　substance；　the　self…related　negativity　which　as　such　has　posited　itself　in　the　form　of　an　other
and　relates　itself　to　this　other。　This　other　is　simply　the　passive　substance　which　the　active
substance　through　its　own　originative　power　has　presupposed　for　itself　as　condition。　This
presupposing　is　to　be　understood　in　the　sense　that　the　movement　of　substance　itself　is；　in　the　first
instance；　under　the　form　of　one　of　the　moments　of　its　Notion；　the　in…itself；　and　the
determinateness　of　one　of　the　substances　standing　in　relationship　is　also　the　determinateness　of
this　relationship　itself。　

2。　The　other　moment　is　being…for…self；　which　means　that　the　power　posits　itself　as　self…related
negativity；　thereby　sublating　again　what　was　presupposed。　The　active　substance　is　the　cause；　it
acts；　that　is；　it　now　posits；　whereas　previously　it　only　presupposed；　so　that　（a）　to　the　power　is
now　added　the　illusory　show　of　power；　to　the　positedness　the　illusory　show　of　positedness。
What　in　the　presupposition　was　original；　becomes　in　causality；　through　the　relation　to　an　other；
what　it　is　in　itself；　the　cause　produces　an　effect；　and　that；　too；　in　another　substance；　it　is　now
power　in　relation　to　an　other　and　thus　appears　as　a　cause；　but　is　a　cause　only　in　virtue　of　this
appearing。　（b）　The　effect　enters　the　passive　substance；　whereby　it　now　also　appears　as　a
positedness；　but　is　a　passive　substance　only　as　such　positedness。　

3。　But　there　is　still　more　present　in　this　than　only　this　appearance；　namely：　（a）　the　cause　acts　on
the　passive　substance　and　alters　its　determination；　but　this　is　positedness；　there　is　nothing　else　in　it
to　alter；　the　other　determination；　however；　that　it　receives　is　causality；　the　passive　substance
therefore　becomes　cause；　power　and　activity：　（b）　the　effect　is　posited　in　it　by　the　cause；　but　that
which　is　posited　by　the　cause　is　the　cause　itself　which；　in　acting；　is　identical　with　itself；　it　is　this　that
puts　itself　in　the　place　of　the　passive　substance。　Similarly；