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Phasians　have　shapes　different　from　those　of　all　other　men；　for　they
are　large　in　stature；　and　of　a　very　gross　habit　of　body；　so　that　not　a
joint　nor　vein　is　visible；　in　color　they　are　sallow；　as　if　affected
with　jaundice。　Of　all　men　they　have　the　roughest　voices；　from　their
breathing　an　atmosphere　which　is　not　clear；　but　misty　and　humid；
they　are　naturally　rather　languid　in　supporting　bodily　fatigue。　The
seasons　undergo　but　little　change　either　as　to　heat　or　cold；　their
winds　for　the　most　part　are　southerly；　with　the　exception　of　one
peculiar　to　the　country；　which　sometimes　blows　strong；　is　violent
and　hot；　and　is　called　by　them　the　wind　cenchron。　The　north　wind
scarcely　reaches　them；　and　when　it　does　blow　it　is　weak　and　gentle。
Thus　it　is　with　regard　to　the　different　nature　and　shape　of　the
inhabitants　of　Asia　and　Europe。
　　16。　And　with　regard　to　the　pusillanimity　and　cowardice　of　the
inhabitants；　the　principal　reason　the　Asiatics　are　more　unwarlike
and　of　gentler　disposition　than　the　Europeans　is；　the　nature　of　the
seasons；　which　do　not　undergo　any　great　changes　either　to　heat　or
cold；　or　the　like；　for　there　is　neither　excitement　of　the
understanding　nor　any　strong　change　of　the　body　whereby　the　temper
might　be　ruffled　and　they　be　roused　to　inconsiderate　emotion　and
passion；　rather　than　living　as　they　do　always　in　the　state。　It　is
changes　of　all　kinds　which　arouse　understanding　of　mankind；　and　do　not
allow　them　to　get　into　a　torpid　condition。　For　these　reasons；　it
appears　to　me；　the　Asiatic　race　is　feeble；　and　further；　owing　to　their
laws；　for　monarchy　prevails　in　the　greater　part　of　Asia；　and　where　men
are　not　their　own　masters　nor　independent；　but　are　the　slaves　of
others；　it　is　not　a　matter　of　consideration　with　them　how　they　may
acquire　military　discipline；　but　how　they　may　seem　not　to　be
warlike；　for　the　dangers　are　not　equally　shared；　since　they　must　serve
as　soldiers；　perhaps　endure　fatigue；　and　die　for　their　masters；　far
from　their　children；　their　wives；　and　other　friends；　and　whatever
noble　and　manly　actions　they　may　perform　lead　only　to　the
aggrandizement　of　their　masters；　whilst　the　fruits　which　they　reap　are
dangers　and　death；　and；　in　addition　to　all　this；　the　lands　of　such
persons　must　be　laid　waste　by　the　enemy　and　want　of　culture。　Thus；
then；　if　any　one　be　naturally　warlike　and　courageous；　his
disposition　will　be　changed　by　the　institutions。　As　a　strong　proof
of　all　this；　such　Greeks　or　barbarians　in　Asia　as　are　not　under　a
despotic　form　of　government；　but　are　independent；　and　enjoy　the　fruits
of　their　own　labors；　are　of　all　others　the　most　warlike；　for　these
encounter　dangers　on　their　own　account；　bear　the　prizes　of　their　own
valor；　and　in　like　manner　endure　the　punishment　of　their　own
cowardice。　And　you　will　find　the　Asiatics　differing　from　one
another；　for　some　are　better　and　others　more　dastardly；　of　these
differences；　as　I　stated　before；　the　changes　of　the　seasons　are　the
cause。　Thus　it　is　with　Asia。
　　17。　In　Europe　there　is　a　Scythian　race；　called　Sauromatae；　which
inhabits　the　confines　of　the　Palus　Maeotis；　and　is　different　from
all　other　races。　Their　women　mount　on　horseback；　use　the　bow；　and
throw　the　javelin　from　their　horses；　and　fight　with　their　enemies　as
long　as　they　are　virgins；　and　they　do　not　lay　aside　their　virginity
until　they　kill　three　of　their　enemies；　nor　have　any　connection　with
men　until　they　perform　the　sacrifices　according　to　law。　Whoever
takes　to　herself　a　husband；　gives　up　riding　on　horseback　unless　the
necessity　of　a　general　expedition　obliges　her。　They　have　no　right
breast；　for　while　still　of　a　tender　age　their　mothers　heat　strongly
a　copper　instrument　constructed　for　this　very　purpose；　and　apply　it　to
the　right　breast；　which　is　burnt　up；　and　its　development　being
arrested；　all　the　strength　and　fullness　are　determined　to　the　right
shoulder　and　arm。
　　18。　As　the　other　Scythians　have　a　peculiarity　of　shape；　and　do　not
resemble　any　other；　the　same　observation　applies　to　the　Egyptians；
only　that　the　latter　are　oppressed　by　heat　and　the　former　by　cold。
What　is　called　the　Scythian　desert　is　a　prairie；　rich　in　meadows；
high…lying；　and　well　watered；　for　the　rivers　which　carry　off　the　water
from　the　plains　are　large。　There　live　those　Scythians　which　are　called
Nomades；　because　they　have　no　houses；　but　live　in　wagons。　The　smallest
of　these　wagons　have　four　wheels；　but　some　have　six；　they　are
covered　in　with　felt；　and　they　are　constructed　in　the　manner　of
houses；　some　having　but　a　single　apartment；　and　some　three；　they　are
proof　against　rain；　snow；　and　winds。　The　wagons　are　drawn　by　yokes
of　oxen；　some　of　two　and　others　of　three；　and　all　without　horns；　for
they　have　no　horns；　owing　to　the　cold。　In　these　wagons　the　women　live；
but　the　men　are　carried　about　on　horses；　and　the　sheep；　oxen；　and
horses　accompany　them；　and　they　remain　on　any　spot　as　long　as　there　is
provender　for　their　cattle；　and　when　that　fails　they　migrate　to　some
other　place。　They　eat　boiled　meat；　and　drink　the　milk　of　mares；　and
also　eat　hippace；　which　is　cheese　prepared　from　the　milk　of　the
mare。　Such　is　their　mode　of　life　and　their　customs。
　　19。　In　respect　of　the　seasons　and　figure　of　body；　the　Scythian　race；
like　the　Egyptian；　have　a　uniformity　of　resemblance；　different　from
all　other　nations；　they　are　by　no　means　prolific；　and　the　wild
beasts　which　are　indigenous　there　are　small　in　size　and　few　in　number；
for　the　country　lies　under　the　Northern　Bears；　and　the　Rhiphaean
mountains；　whence　the　north　wind　blows；　the　sun　comes　very　near　to
them　only　when　in　the　summer　solstice；　and　warms　them　but　for　a
short　period；　and　not　strongly；　and　the　winds　blowing　from　the　hot
regions　of　the　earth　do　not　reach　them；　or　but　seldom；　and　with　little
force；　but　the　winds　from　the　north　always　blow；　congealed；　as　they
are；　by　the　snow；　ice；　and　much　water；　for　these　never　leave　the
mountains；　which　are　thereby　rendered　uninhabitable。　A　thick　fog
covers　the　plains　during　the　day；　and　amidst　it　they　live；　so　that
winter　may　be　said　to　be　always　present　with　them；　or；　if　they　have
summer；　it　is　only　for　a　few　days；　and　the　heat　is　not　very　strong。
Their　plains　are　high…lying　and　naked；　not　crowned　with　mountains；　but
extending　upwards　under　the　Northern　Bears。　The　wild　beasts　there
are　not　large；　but　such　as　can　be　sheltered　underground；　for　the
cold　of　winter　and　the　barrenness　of　the　country　prevent　their　growth；
and　because　they　have　no　covert　nor　shelter。　The　changes　of　the
seasons；　too；　are　not　great　nor　violent；　for；　in　fact；　they　change
gradually；　and　therefore　their　figures　resemble　one　another；　as　they
all　equally　use　the　same　food；　and　the　same　clothing　summer　and
winter；　respiring　a　humid　and　dense　atmosphere；　and　drinking　water
from　snow　and　ice；　neither　do　they　make　any　laborious　exertions；　for
neither　body　nor　mind　is　capable　of　enduring　fatigue　when　the
changes　of　the　seasons　are　not　great。　For　these　reasons　their　shapes
are　gross　and　fleshy；　with　ill…marked　joints；　of　a　humid
temperament；　and　deficient　in　tone：　the　internal　cavities；　and
especially　those　of　the　intestines；　are　full　of　humors；　for　the
belly　cannot　possibly　be　dry　in　such　a　country；　with　such　a
constitution　and　in　such　a　climate；　but　owing　to　their　fat；　and　the
absence　of　hairs　from　their　bodies；　their　shapes　resemble　one　another；
the　males　being　all　alike；　and　so　also　with　the　women；　for　the　seasons
being　of　a　uniform　temperature；　no　corruption　or　deterioration　takes
place　in　the　concretion　of　the　semen；　unless　from　some　violent
cause；　or　from　disease。
　　20。　I　Will　give　you　a　strong　proof　of　the　humidity　（laxity？）　of
their　constitutions。　You　will　find　the　greater　part　of　the
Scythians；　and　all　the　Nomades；　with　marks　of　the　cautery　on　their
shoulders；　arms；　wrists；　breasts；　hip…joints；　and　loins；　and　that
for　no　other　reason　but　the　humidity　and　flabbiness　of　their
constitution；　for　they　can　neither　strain　with　their　bows；　nor
launch　the　javelin　from　their　shoulder　owing　to　their　humidity　and
atony：　but　when　they　are　burnt；　much　of　the　humidity　in　their　joints
is　dried　up；　and　they　become　better　braced；　better　fed；　and　their
joints　get　into　a　more　suitable　condition。　They　are　flabby　and　squat
at　first；　because；　as　in　Egypt；　they　are　not　swathed　（？）；　and　then
they　pay　no　attention　to　horsemanship；　so　that　they　may　be　adepts　at
it；　and　because　of　their　sedentary　mode　of　life；　for　the　males；　when
they　cannot　be　carried　about　on　horseback；　sit　the　most　of　their
time　in　the　wagon；　and　rarely　practise　walking；　because　of　their
frequent　migrations　and　shiftings　of　situation；　and　as　to　the　women；
it　is　amazing　how　flabby　and　sluggish　they　are。　The　Scythian　race
are　tawny　from　the　cold；　and　not　from　the　intense　heat　of　the　sun；　for
the　whiteness　of　the　skin　is　parched　by　the　cold；　and　becomes　tawny。
　　21。　It　is　impossible　that　persons　of　such　a　constitution　could　be
prolific；　for；　with　the　man；　the　sexual　desires　are　not　strong；
owing　to　the　laxity　of　his　constitution；　the　softness　and　coldness
of　his　belly；　from　all　which　causes　it　is　little　likely　that　a　man
should　be　given　to　venery；　and　besides；　from　being　jaded　by　exercise
on　horseback；　the　men　become　weak　in　their　desires。　On　the　part　of　the
men　these　are　the　causes；　but　on　that　of　the　women；　they　are
embonpoint　and　humidity；　for　the　womb　cannot　take　in　the　semen；　nor　is
the　menstrual　discharge　such　as　it　should　be；　but　scanty　and　at　too
long　intervals；　and　the　mouth　of　the　womb　is　shut　up　by　fat　and　does
not　admit　the　semen；　and；　moreover；　they　themselves　are　indolent　and
fat；　and　their　bellies　cold　and　soft。　From　these　causes　the　Scythian
race　is　not　prolific。　Their　female　servants　furnish　a　strong　proof
of　this；　for　they　no　sooner　have　connection　with　a　man　than　they　prove
with　child；　owing　to　their　active　course　of　life　and　the　slenderness
of　body。
　　22。　And；　in　addition　to　these；　there　are　many　eunuchs　among　the
Scythians；　who　perform　female　work；　and　speak　like　women。　Such　persons
are　called　effeminates。　The　inhabitants　of　the　country　attribute　the
cause　of　their　impotence　to　a　god；　and　venerate　and　worship　such
persons；　every　one　dreading　that　the　like　might　befall　himself；　but　to
me　it　appears　that　such　affections　are　just　as　much　divine　as　all
others　are；　and　that　no　one　disease　is　either　more　divine　or　more
human　than　another；　but　that　all　are　alike　divine；　for　that　each　has
its　own　nature；　and　that　no　one　arises　without　a　natural　cause。　But
I　will　explain　how　I　think　that　the　affection　takes　its　rise。　From
continued　exercise　on　horseback　they　are　seized　with　chronic
defluxions　in　their　joints　owing　to　their　legs　always　hanging　down
below　their　horses；　they　afterwards　become　lame　and　stiff　at　the
hip…joint；　such　of　them；　at　least；　as　are　severely　attacked　with　it。
They　treat　themselves　in　this　way：　when　the　disease　is　commencing；
they　open　the　vein　behind　either　ear；　and　when　the　blood　flows；　sleep；
from　feebleness；　seizes　them；　and　afterwards　they　awaken；　some　in　good
health　and　others　not。　To　me　it　appears　that　the　semen　is　altered　by
this　treatment；　for　there　are　veins　behind　the　ears　which；　if　cut；
induce　impotence；　now；　these　veins　would　appear　to　me