the crisis in russia(俄国危机)-第17章
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On January 22； 1920； the Central Committee of the Communist Party；
after prolonged discussion of Trotsky's rough memorandum； finally
adopted and published a new edition of the 〃theses；〃 expanded； altered；
almost unrecognizable； a reasoned body of theory entirely different from
the bundle of arrows loosed at a venture by Trotsky。 They definitely
accepted the principle of industrial conscription； pointing out the
immediate reasons for it in the fact that Russia cannot look for much help
from without and must somehow or other help herself。
Long before the All…Russian Congress of the Communist Party
approved the theses of the Committee； one form of industrial conscription
was already being tested at work。 Very early in January； when the
discussion on the subject was at its height； the Soviet of the Third Army
addressed itself to the Council of Defense of the Republic with an
invitation to make use of this army （which at least for the moment had
finished its military task） and to experiment with it as a labor army。 The
Council of Defense agreed。 Representatives of the Commissariats of
Supply； Agriculture； Ways and Communications； Labor and the Supreme
Council of Public Economy were sent to assist the Army Soviet。 The
army was proudly re…named 〃The First Revolutionary Army of Labor；〃
and began to issue communiques from the Labor front；〃 precisely like the
communiques of an army in the field。 I translate as a curiosity the first
communique issued by a Labor Army's Soviet：
〃Wood prepared in the districts of Ishim； Karatulskaya； Omutinskaya；
Zavodoutovskaya； Yalutorovska； Iushaly； Kamuishlovo； Turinsk；
Altynai； Oshtchenkovo； Shadrinsk； 10；180 cubic sazhins。 Working days；
52；651。 Taken to the railway stations； 5；334 cubic sazhins。 Working
days on transport； 22；840。 One hundred carpenters detailed for the
Kizelovsk mines。 One hundred carpenters detailed for the bridge at Ufa。
One engineer specialist detailed to the Government Council of Public
Economy for repairing the mills of Chelyabinsk Government。 One
instructor accountant detailed for auditing the accounts of the economic
organizations of Kamuishlov。 Repair of locomotives procceding in the
works at Ekaterinburg。 January 20； 1920； midnight。〃
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The Labor Army's Soviet received a report on the state of the district
covered by the army with regard to supply and needed work。 By the end
of January it had already carried out a labor census of the army； and found
that it included over 50；000 laborers； of whom a considerable number
were skilled。 It decided on a general plan of work in reestablishing
industry in the Urals； which suffered severely during the Kolchak regime
and the ebb and flow of the civil war； and was considering a suggestion of
one of its members that if the scheme worked well the army should be
increased to 300；000 men by way of mobilization。
On January 23rd the Council of Defense of the Republic； encouraged
to proceed further； decided to make use of the Reserve Army for the
improvement of railway transport on the Moscow…Kazan railway； one of
the chief arteries between eastern food districts and Moscow。 The main
object is to be the reestablishment of through traffic between Moscow and
Ekaterinburg and the repair of the Kazan…Ekaterinburg line； which
particularly suffered during the war。 An attempt was to be made to
rebuild the bridge over the Kama River before the ice melts。 The
Commander of the Reserve Army was appointed Commissar of the eastern
part of the Moscow…Kazan railway； retaining his position as Commander
of the Army。 With a view of coordination between the Army Soviet and
the railway authorities； a member of the Soviet was also appointed
Commissar of the railway。 On January 25th it was announced that a
similar experiment was being made in the Ukraine。 A month before the
ice broke the first train
actually crossed the Kama River by the rebuilt bridge。
By April of this year the organization of industrial conscription had
gone far beyond the original labor armies。 A decree of February 5th had
created a Chief Labor Committee； consisting of five members；
Serebryakov and Danilov； from the Commissariat of War； Vasiliev； from
the Commissariat of the Interior； Anikst； from the Commissariat of Labor；
Dzerzhinsky； from the Commissariat of Internal Affairs。 Dzerzhinsky
was President； and his appointment was possibly made in the hope that the
reputation he had won as President of the Extraordinary Committee for
Fighting Counter…Revolution would frighten people into taking this
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Committee seriously。 Throughout the country in each government or
province similar committees； called 〃Troikas；〃 were created； each of three
members； one from the Commissariat of War； one from the Department of
Labor； one from the Department of Management； in each case from the
local Commissariats and Departments attached to the local Soviet。
Representatives of the Central Statistical Office and its local organs had a
right to be present at the meeting of these committees of three； or
〃Troikas；〃 but had not the right to vote。 An organization or a factory
requiring labor； was to apply to the Labor Department of the local Soviet。
This Department was supposed to do its best to satisfy demands upon it by
voluntary methods first。 If these proved insufficient they were to apply
to the local 〃Troika；〃 or Labor Conscription Committee。 If this found
that its resources also were insufficient； it was to refer back the request to
the Labor Department of the Soviet； which was then to apply to its
corresponding Department in the Government Soviet； which again； first
voluntarily and then through the Government Committee of Labor
Conscription； was to try to satisfy the demands。 I fancy the object of this
arrangement was to prevent local 〃Troikas〃 from referring to Government
〃Troikas；〃 and so directly to Dzerzhinsky's Central Committee。 If they
had been able to do this there would obviously have been danger lest a
new network of independent and powerful organizations should be formed。
Experience with the overgrown and insuppressible Committees for
Fighting Counter…Revolution had taught people how serious such a
development might be。
Such was the main outline of the scheme for conscripting labor。 A
similar scheme was prepared for superintending and safeguarding labor
when conscripted。 In every factory of over 1；000 workmen； clerks； etc。；
there was formed a Commission （to distinguish it from the Committee） of
Industrial Conscription。 Smaller factories shared such Commissions or
were joined for the purpose to larger factories near by。 These
Commissions were to be under the direct control of a Factory Committee；
thereby preventing squabbles between conscripted and non…conscripted
labor。 They were to be elected for six months； but their members could be
withdrawn and replaced by the Factory Committee with the approval of
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the local 〃Troika。〃 These Commissions； like the 〃Troikas；〃 consisted of
three members： （1） from the management of the factory； （2） from the
Factory Committee； （3） from the Executive Committee of the workers。 （It
was suggested in the directions that one of these should be from the group
which 〃has been organizing 'Saturdayings；' that is to say that he or she
should be a Communist。）The payment of conscripted workers was to be by
production； with prizes for specially good work。 Specially bad work was
also foreseen in the detailed scheme of possible punishments。
Offenders were to be brought before the 〃People's Court〃 （equivalent to
the ordinary Civil Court）； or； in the case of repeated or very bad offenses；
were to be brought before the far more dreaded Revolutionary Tribunals。
Six categories of possible offenses were placed upon the new code：
（1）Avoiding registration； absenteeism； or desertion。 （2）The
preparation of false documents or the use of such。 （3）Officials giving false
information to facilitate these crimes。 （4）Purposeful damage of
instruments or material。 （5）Uneconomical or careless work。 （6）（Probably
the most serious of all） Instigation to any of these actions。
The 〃Troikas〃 have the right to deal administratively with the less
important crimes by deprival of freedom for not more than two weeks。
No one can be brought to trial except by the Committee for Industrial
Conscription on the initiative of the responsible director of work； and with
the approval either of the local labor inspection authorities or with that of
the local Executive Committee。
No one with the slightest knowledge of Russia will suppose for a
moment that this elaborate mechanism sprang suddenly into existence
when the decree was signed。 On the contrary； all stages of industrial
conscription exist simultaneously even today； and it would be possible by
goin
