phenomenology of mind-第71章

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world　that　has　lost；　however；　all　sense　of　strangeness　for　the　self；　just　as　the　self　has　lost　all　sense
of　having　a　dependent　or　independent　existence　by　itself；　cut　off　and　separated　from　that　world。
Being　substance　and　universal　self…identical　permanent　essence　（Wesen）；　spirit　is　the　immovable
irreducible　basis　and　the　starting　point　for　the　action　of　all　and　every　one；　it　is　their　purpose　and
their　goal；　because　the　ideally　implicit　nature　（Ansich）　of　all　self…consciousnesses。　This　substance　is
likewise　the　universal　product；　wrought　and　created　by　the　action　of　each　and　all；　and　constituting
their　unity　and　likeness　and　identity　of　meaning；　for　it　is　self…existence　（Fürsichseyn）；　the　self；
action。　Qua　substance；　spirit　is　unbending　righteous　selfsameness；　self…identity；　but　qua　for…itself；
self…existent　and　self…determined　（Fürsichseyn）；　its　continuity　is　resolved　into　discrete　elements；　it
is　the　self…sacrificing　soul　of　goodness；　the　benevolent　essential　nature　in　which　each　fulfils　his　own
special　work；　rends　the　continuum　of　the　universal　substance；　and　takes　his　own　share　of　it。　This
resolution　of　the　essence　into　individual　forms　is　just　the　aspect　of　the　separate　action　and　the
separate　self　of　all　the　several　individuals；　it　is　the　moving　soul　of　the　ethical　substance；　the　resultant
universal　spiritual　being。　Just　because　this　substance　is　a　being　resolved　in　the　self；　it　is　not　a　lifeless
essence；　but　actual　and　alive。

Spirit　is　thus　the　self…supporting　absolutely　real　ultimate　being　（Wesen）。　All　the　previous　modes　of
consciousness　are　abstractions　from　it：　they　are　constituted　by　the　fact　that　spirit　analyses　itself；
distinguishes　its　moments；　and　halts　at　each　individual　mode　in　turn。　The　isolating　of　such　moments
presupposes　spirit　itself　and　requires　spirit　for　its　subsistence；　in　other　words；　this　isolation　of
modes　only　exists　within　spirit；　which　is　existence。　Taken　in　isolation　they　appear　as　if　they　existed
as　they　stand。　But　their　advance　and　return　upon　their　real　ground　and　essential　being　showed　that
they　are　merely　moments　or　vanishing　quantities；　and　this　essential　being　is　precisely　this　movement
and　resolution　of　these　moments。　Here；　where　spirit；　the　reflexion　of　these　moments　into　itself；　has
become　established；　our　reflexion　may　briefly　recall　them　in　this　connexion：　they　were
consciousness；　self…consciousness；　and　reason。　Spirit　is　thus　Consciousness　in　general；　which
contains　sense…certainty；　perception　and　understanding；　so　far　as　in　analysing　its　own　self　it　holds
fast　by　the　moment　of　being　a　reality　objective　to　itself；　and　by　abstraction　eliminates　the　fact　that
this　reality　is　its　own　self　objectified；　its　own　self…existence。　When　again　it　holds　fast　by　the　other
abstract　moment　produced　by　analysis；　the　fact　that　its　object　is　its　own　self　become　objective　to
itself；　is　its　self…existence；　then　it　is　Self…consciousness。　But　as　immediate　consciousness　of　its
inherent　and　its　explicit　being；　of　its　immanent　self　and　its　objective　self；　as　the　unity　of
consciousness　and　self…consciousness；　it　is　that　type　of　consciousness　which　has　Reason：　it　is　the
consciousness　which；　as　the　word　〃have〃　indicates；　has　the　object　in　a　shape　which　is　implicitly
and　inherently　rational；　or　is　categorized；　but　in　such　a　way　that　the　object　is　not　yet　taken　by　the
consciousness　in　question　to　have　the　value　of　a　category。　Spirit　here　is　that　consciousness　from
the　immediately　preceding　consideration　of　which　we　have　arrived　at　the　present　stage。　Finally；
when　this　reason；　which　spirit　〃has〃；　is　seen　by　spirit　to　be　reason　which　actually　is；　to　be　reason
which　is　actual　in　spirit；　and　is　its　world；　then　spirit　has　come　to　its　truth；　it　is　spirit；　the　essential
nature　of　ethical　life　actually　existent。

Spirit；　so　far　as　it　is　the　immediate；　truth；　is　the　ethical　life　of　a　nation：　—　the　individual；　which　is　a
world。　It　has　to　advance　to　the　consciousness　of　what　it　is　immediately；　it　has　to　abandon　and
transcend　the　beautiful　simplicity　of　ethical　life；　and　get　to　a　knowledge　of　itself　by　passing　through
a　series　of　stages　and　forms。　The　distinction　between　these　and　those　that　have　gone　before
consists　in　their　being　real　spiritual　individualities　（Geister）；　actualities　proper；　and　instead　of　being
forms　merely　of　consciousness；　they　are　forms　of　a　world。

The　living　ethical　world　is　spirit　in　its　truth。　As　it　first　comes　to　an　abstract　knowledge　of　its
essential　nature；　ethical　life　（Sittlichkeit）　is　destroyed　in　the　formal　universality　of　right　or　legality
（Recht）。　Spirit；　being　now　sundered　within　itself；　traces　one　of　its　worlds　in　the　element　of　its
objectivity　as　in　a　crass　solid　actuality；　this　is　the　realm　of　Culture　and　Civilization；　while　over
against　this　in　the　element　of　thought　is　traced　the　world　of　Belief　or　Faith；　the　realm　of　the　。Inner
Life　and　Truth　（Wesen）。　Both　worlds；　however；　when　in　the　grip　of　the　notion　—　when　grasped　by
spirit　which；　after　this　loss　of　self　through　self…diremption；　penetrates　itself　—　are　thrown　into
confusion　and　revolutionized　through　individual　Insight　（Einsicht）；　and　the　general　diffusion　of　this
attitude；　known　as　the　〃Enlightenment〃　（Aufkl？rung）。　And　the　realm　which　had　thus　been　divided
and　expanded　into　the　〃present〃　and　the　〃remote　beyond〃；　into　the　〃here〃　and　the　〃yonder〃；　turns
back　into　self…consciousness。　This　self…consciousness；　again；　taking　now　the　form　of　Morality　（the
inner　moral　life）　apprehends　itself　as　the　essential　truth；　and　the　real　essence　as　its　actual　self　no
longer　puts　its　world　and　its　ground　and　basis　away　outside　itself；　but　lets　everything　fade　into
itself；　and　in　the　form　of　Conscience　（Gewissen）　is　spirit　sure　and　certain　（gewiss）　of　itself。

The　ethical　world；　the　world　rent　asunder　into　the　〃here〃　and　the　〃yonder〃；　and　the　moral　point　of
view　（moralische　Weltanschauung）；　are；　then；　individual　forms　of　spirit　（Geister）　whose　process
and　whose　return　into　the　self　of　spirit；　a　self　simple　and　self…existent　（fürsichseyend）；　will　be
developed。　As　these　attain　their　goal　and　final　result；　the　actual　self…consciousness　of　Absolute
Spirit　will　make　its　appearance　and　be　their　outcome。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　



1。　The　term　〃Spirit〃　seems　better　to　render　the　word　〃Geist〃　used　here；　than　the　word　〃mind〃
would　do。　Up　to　this　stage　of　experience　the　word　〃mind〃　is　sufficient　to　convey　the　meaning。　But
spirit　is　mind　at　a　much　higher　level　of　existence。　




A
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Objective　Spirit　—
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The　Ethical　Order　（2）

Spirit；　in　its　ultimate　simple　truth；　is　consciousness；　and　breaks　asunder　its　moments　from　one
another。　An　act　divides　spirit　into　spiritual　substance　on　the　one　side；　and　consciousness　of　the
substance　on　the　other；　and　divides　the　substance　as　well　as　consciousness。　The　substance
appears　in　the　shape　of　a　universal　inner　nature　and　purpose　standing　in　contrast　to　itself　qua
individualized　reality。　The　middle　or　mediating　term；　infinite　in　character；　is　self…consciousness；
which；　being　implicitly　the　unity　of　itself　and　that　substance；　becomes　so；　now；　explicitly　（für
sich）；　unites　the　universal　inner　nature　and　its　particular　realization；　raises　the　latter　to　the　former
and　acts　ethically：　and；　on　the　other　hand；　brings　the　former　down　to　the　latter　and　carries　out　the
purpose；　the　substance　presented　merely　in　thought。　In　this　way　it　brings　to　light　the　unity　of　its　self
and　the　substance；　and　produces　this　unity　in　the　form　of　its　〃work〃；　and　thus　as　actual　concrete
fact　（Wirklichkeit）。

When　consciousness　breaks　up　into　these　elements；　the　simple　substance　has　in　part　acquired　the
attitude　of　opposition　to　self…consciousness；　in　part　it　thereby　manifests　in　itself　the　very　nature　of
consciousness；　which　consists　in　distinguishing　its　own　content　within　itself　—　manifests　it　as　a
world　articulated　into　its　spheres；　The　substance　is　thus　an　ethical　being　split　up　into　distinct
elemental　forms；　a　human　and　a　divine　law。　In　the　same　way；　the　self…consciousness　appearing
over　against　the　substance　assigns　itself；　in　virtue　of　its　inner　nature；　to　one　of　these　powers；　and；
qua　involving　knowledge；　gets　broken　up　into　ignorance　of　what　it　is　doing；　on　the　one　hand；　and
knowledge　of　this　on　the　other；　a　knowledge　which　for　that　reason　proves　a　deception。　It　learns；
therefore；　through　its　own　act　at　once　the　contradictory　nature　of　those　powers　into　which　the
inner　substance　divided　itself；　and　their　mutual　overthrow；　as　well　as　the　contradiction　between　its
knowledge　of　the　ethical　character　of　its　act　and　what　is　truly　and　essentially　ethical；　and　so　finds
its　own　destruction。　In　point　of　fact；　however；　the　ethical　substance　has　by　this　process　become
actual　concrete　self…consciousness：　in　other　words　this　particular　self　has　become　self…sufficient
and　self…dependent　—　（Anund　Fürsichseyenden）；　but　precisely　thereby　the　ethical　order　has
been　overthrown　and　destroyed。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　



1。　Sittlichkeit




a
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Law；　Human　&　Divine：
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Man　and　Woman

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1。　Nation　and　Family

THE　simple　substance　of　spirit；　being　consciousness；　divides　itself　into　parts。　In　other　words；　just
as　consciousness　of　abstract　sensuous　existence　passes　over　into　perception；　so　does　immediate
certainty　of　real　ethical　existence；　and　just　as　for　sense…perception　bare　〃being〃　becomes　a　〃thing〃
with　many　properties；　so　for　ethical　perception　a　given　act　becomes　a　reality　involving　many　ethical
relations。　For　the　former；　again；　the　unnecessary　plurality　of　properties　concentrates　itself　into　the
form　of　an　essential　opposition　between　individual　and　universal；　and　still　more　for　the　latter；　which
is　consciousness　purified　and　substantial；　the　plurality　of　ethical　moments　is　reduced　to　and
assumes　a　twofold　form；　that　of　a　law　of　individuality　and　a　law　of　universality。　Each　of　these　areas
or　〃masses〃　of　the　substance　remains；　however；　spirit　in　its　entirety。　If　in　sense…perception　〃things〃
have　no　other　substantial　reality　than　the　two　determinations　of　individual　and　universal；　these
determinations　express；　in　the　present　instance；　merely　the　superficial　opposition　of　both　sides　to
one　another。

Individuality；　in　the　case　of　the　subject　（Wesen）　we　are　here　considering；　has　the　significance　of
self…consciousness　in　general；　not　of　any　particular　consciousness　we　care　to　take。　The　ethical
substance　is；　thus；　in　this　determination　actual　concrete　substance；　Absolute　Spirit　realized　in　the
plurality　of　distinct　consciousnesses　definitely　existing。　It　＇this　spirit＇　is　the　community
（Gemeinwesen）　which；　as　we　entered　the　stage　of　the　practical　embodiment　of　reason　in　general；
came　before　us　as　the　absolute　and　ultimate　reality；　and　which　here　comes　objectively　before　itself
in　its　true　nature　as　a　conscious　ethical　reality　（Wesen）；　and　as　the　essential　reality　for　that　mode　of
consciousness　we　are　now　dealing　with。　it　is　spirit　which　is　for　itself；　since　it　maintains　itself　by
being　reflected　in　the　minds　of　the　component　individuals；　and　which　is　in　itself　or　substance；　since
it　preserves　them