phenomenology of mind-第37章

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corresponds　to　its　realization；　to　the　negative　attitude　towards　otherness；　to　desire　and　labour。　But
if　desire　and　work　could　not　carry　out　for　self…consciousness　the　process　of　negation；　this
polemical　attitude　towards　the　manifold　substantiality　of　things　will；　on　the　other　hand；　be
successful；　because　it　turns　against　them　as　a　free　self…consciousness；　and　one　complete　within
itself　beforehand；　or；　expressed　more　definitely；　because　it　has　inherent　in　itself　thought　or　the
principle　of　infinitude　where　the　independent　elements　in　their　distinction　from　one　another　are　held
to　be　merelv　vanishing　quantities。　The　differences；　which；　in　the　pure　thinking　of　self　are　only　the
abstraction　of　differences；　become　here　the　whole　of　the　differences；　and　every　differentiated
existent　becomes　a　difference　of　self…consciousness。　

With　this　we　get　determined　the　action　of　Scepticism　in　general；　as　also　its　mode　and　nature。　It
shows　the　dialectic　movement；　which　is　sense…certainty；　perception；　and　understanding。　It　shows；
too；　the　unessentiality　of　that　which　holds　good　in　the　relation　of　master　and　servant；　and　which　for
abstract　thought　itself　passes　as　determinate。　That　relation　involves；　at　the　same　time；　a
determinate　situation；　in　which　there　are　found　even　moral　laws；　as　commands　of　the　sovereign
lord。　The　determinations　in　abstract　thought；　however；　are　scientific　notions；　into　which　formal
contentless　thought　expands　itself；　attaching　the　notion；　as　a　matter　of　fact　in　merely　an　external
fashion；　to　the　existence　independent　of　it；　and　holding　as　valid　only　determinate　notions；　albeit
they　are　still　pure　abstractions。　

Dialectic　as　a　negative　process；　taken　immediately　as　it　stands；　appears　to　consciousness；　in　the
first　instance；　as　something　at　the　mercy　of　which　it　is；　and　which　does　not　exist　through
consciousness　itself。　In　Scepticism；　on　the　other　hand；　this　negative　process　is　a　moment　of
self…consciousness；　which　does　not　simply　find　its　truth　and　its　reality　vanish；　without
self…consciousness　knowing　how；　but　rather　which；　in　the　certainty　of　its　own　freedom；　itself
makes　this　other；　so　claiming　to　be　real；　vanish。　Self…consciousness　here　not　only　makes　the
objective　as　such　to　disappear　before　the　negations　of　Scepticism　but　also　its　own　function　in
relation　to　the　object；　where　the　object　is　held　to　be　objective　and　made　good　—　i。e。　its　function　of
perceiving　as　also　its　process　of　securing　what　is　in　danger　of　being　lost；　viz。　sophistry　and　its
self…constituted　and　self…established　truth。　By　means　of　this　self…conscious　negation；
self…consciousness　procures　for　itself　the　certainty　of　its　own　freedom；　brings　about　the　experience
of　that　freedom；　and　thereby　raises　it　into　the　truth。　What　vanishes　is　what　is　determinate；　the
difference　which；　no　matter　what　its　nature　or　whence　it　comes；　sets　up　to　be　fixed　and
unchangeable。　The　difference　has　nothing　permanent　in　it；　and　must　vanish　before　thought　because
to　be　differentiated　just　means　not　to　have　being　in　itself；　but　to　have　its　essential　nature　solely　in　an
other。　Thinking；　however；　is　the　insight　into　this　character　of　what　is　differentiated；　it　is　the　negative
function　in　its　simple；　ultimate　form。　

Sceptical　self…consciousness　thus　discovers；　in　the　flux　and　alternation　of　all　that　would　stand
secure　in　its　presence；　its　own　freedom；　as　given　by　and　received　from　its　own　self。　It　is　aware　of
being　this　of　self…thinking　thought；　the　unalterable　and　genuine　certainty　of　its　self。　This　certainty
does　not　arise　as　a　result　out　of　something　extraneous　and　foreign　which　stowed　away　inside　itself
its　whole　complex　development；　a　result　which　would　thus　leave　behind　the　process　by　which　it
came　to　be。　Rather　consciousness　itself　is　thoroughgoing　dialectical　restlessness；　this　mêlée　of
presentations　derived　from　sense　and　thought；　whose　differences　collapse　into　oneness；　and
whose　identity　is　similarly　again　resolved　and　dissolved　—　for　this　identity　is　itself　determinateness
as　contrasted　with　non…identity。　This　consciousness；　however；　as　a　matter　of　fact；　instead　of　being
a　self…same　consciousness；　is　here　neither　more　nor　less　than　an　absolutely　fortuitous　embroglio；
the　giddy　whirl　of　a　perpetually　self…creating　disorder。　This　is　what　it　takes　itself　to　be；　for　itself
maintains　and　produces　this　self…impelling　confusion。　Hence　it　even　confesses　the　fact；　it　owns　to
being；　an　entirely　fortuitous　individual　consciousness　—　a　consciousness　which　is　empirical；　which
is　directed　upon　what　admittedly　has　no　reality　for　it；　which　obeys　what；　in　its　regard；　has　no
essential　being；　which　realizes　and　does　what　it　knows　to　have　no　truth。　But　while　it　passes　in　this
manner　for　an　individual；　isolated。　contingent；　in　fact　animal　life；　and　a　lost　self…consciousness；　it
also；　on　the　contrary；　again　turns　itself　into　universal　self…sameness；　for　it　is　the　negativity　of　all
singleness　and　all　difference。　From　this　self…identity；　or　rather　within　its　very　self；　it　falls　back　once
more　into　that　contingency　and　confusion；　for　this　very　self…directed　process　of　negation　has　to　do
solely　with　what　is　single　and　individual；　and　is　occupied　with　what　is　fortuitous。　This　form　of
consciousness　is；　therefore；　the　aimless　fickleness　and　instability　of　going　to　and　fro；　hither　and
thither；　from　one　extreme　of　self…same　self…consciousness；　to　the　other　contingent；　confused　and
confusing　consciousness。　It　does　not　itself　bring　these　two　thoughts　of　itself　together。　It　finds　its
freedom；　at　one　time；　in　the　form　of　elevation　above　all　the　whirling　complexity　and　all　the
contingency　of　mere　existence；　and　again；　at　another　time；　likewise　confesses　to　falling　back　upon
what　is　unessential；　and　to　being　taken　up　with　that。　It　lets　the　unessential　content　in　its　thought
vanish；　but　in　that　very　act　it　is　the　consciousness　of　something　unessential。　It　announces　absolute
disappearance　but　the　announcement　is；　and　this　consciousness　is　the　evanescence　expressly
announced。　It　announces　the　nullity　of　seeing；　hearing；　and　so　on；　yet　itself　sees　and　hears。　It
proclaims　the　nothingness　of　essential　ethical　principles；　and　makes　those　very　truths　the　sinews　of
its　own　conduct。　Its　deeds　and　its　words　belie　each　other　continually；　and　itself；　too；　has　the
doubled　contradictory　consciousness　of　immutability　and　sameness；　and　of　utter　contingency　and
non…identity　with　itself。　But　it　keeps　asunder　the　poles　of　this　contradiction　within　itself；　and　bears
itself　towards　the　contradiction　as　it　does　in　its　purely　negative　process　in　general。　If　sameness　is
shown　to　it；　it　points　out　unlikeness；　non…identity；　and　when　the　latter；　which　it　has　expressly
mentioned　the　moment　before；　is　held　up　to　it；　it　passes　on　to　indicate　sameness　and　identity。　Its
talk；　in　fact；　is　like　a　squabble　among　self…willed　children；　one　of　whom　says　A　when　the　other
says　B；　and　again　B；　when　the　other　says　A；　and　who；　through　being　in　contradiction　with
themselves；　procure　the　joy　of　remaining　in　contradiction　with　one　another。　

In　Scepticism　consciousness　gets；　in　truth；　to　know　itself　as　a　consciousness　containing
contradiction　within　itself。　From　the　experience　of　this　proceeds　a　new　attitude　which　brings
together　the　two　thoughts　which　Scepticism　holds　apart。　The　want　of　intelligence　which　Scepticism
manifests　regarding　itself　is　bound　to　vanish；　because　it　is　in　fact　one　consciousness　which
possesses　these　two　modes　within　it。　This　new　attitude　consequently　is　one　which　is　aware　of
being　the　double　consciousness　of　itself　as　self…liberating；　unalterable；　self…identical；　and　as　utterly
self…confounding；　self…perverting；　and　this　new　attitude　is　the　consciousness　of　this　contradiction
within　itself。　

In　Stoicism；　self…consciousness　is　the　bare　and　simple　freedom　of　itself。　In　Scepticism；　it　realizes
itself；　negates　the　other　side　of　determinate　existence；　but；　in　so　doing；　really　doubles　itself；　and　is
itself　now　a　duality。　In　this　way　the　duplication；　which　previously　was　divided　between　two
individuals；　the　lord　and　the　bondsman；　is　concentrated　into　one。　Thus　we　have　here　that　dualizing
of　self…consciousness　within　itself；　which　lies　essentially　in　the　notion　of　mind；　but　the　unity　of　the
two　elements　is　not　yet　present。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The　Unhappy　Consciousness

Hence　the　Unhappy　Consciousness　（1）　the　Alienated　Soul　which　is　the　consciousness　of　self　as　a
divided　nature；　a　doubled　and　merely　contradictory　being。　

This　unhappy　consciousness；　divided　and　at　variance　within　itself；　must；　because　this　contradiction
of　its　essential　nature　is　felt　to　be　a　single　consciousness；　always　have　in　the　one　consciousness　the
other　also；　and　thus　must　be　straightway　driven　out　of　each　in　turn；　when　it　thinks　it　has　therein
attained　to　the　victory　and　rest　of　unity。　Its　true　return　into　itself；　or　reconciliation　with　itself；　will；
however；　display　the　notion　of　mind　endowed　with　a　life　and　existence　of　its　own；　because　it
implicitly　involves　the　fact　that；　while　being　an　undivided　consciousness；　it　is　a
double…consciousness。　It　is　itself　the　gazing　of　one　self…consciousness　into　another；　and　itself　is
both；　and　the　unity　of　both　is　also　its　own　essence；　but　objectively　and　consciously　it　is　not　yet　this
essence　itself　—　is　not　yet　the　unity　of　both。　

Since；　in　the　first　instance；　it　is　the　immediate；　the　implicit　unity　of　both；　while　for　it　they　are　not　one
and　the　same；　but　opposed；　it　takes　one；　namely；　the　simple　unalterable；　as　essential；　the　other；　the
manifold　and　changeable　as　the　unessential。　For　it；　both　are　realities　foreign　to　each　other。　Itself；
because　consciousness　of　this　contradiction；　assumes　the　aspect　of　changeable　consciousness　and
is　to　itself　the　unessential；　but　as　consciousness　of　unchangeableness；　of　the　ultimate　essence；　it
must；　at　the　same　time；　proceed　to　free　itself　from　the　unessential；　i。e。　to　liberate　itself　from　itself。
For　though　in　its　own　view　it　is　indeed　only　the　changeable；　and　the　unchangeable　is　foreign　and
extraneous　to　it；　yet　itself　is　simple；　and　therefore　unchangeable　consciousness；　of　which
consequently　it　is　conscious　as　its　essence；　but　still　in　such　wise　that　itself　is　again　in　its　own　regard
not　this　essence。　The　position；　which　it　assigns　to　both；　cannot；　therefore；　be　an　indifference　of　one
to　the　other；　i。e。　cannot　be　an　indifference　of　itself　towards　the　unchangeable。　Rather　it　is
immediately　both　itself；　and　the　relation　of　both　assumes　for　it　the　form　of　a　relation　of　essence　to
the　non…essential；　so　that　this　latter　has　to　be　cancelled；　but　since　both　are　to　it　equally　essential
and　are　contradictory；　it　is　only　the　conflicting　contradictory　process　in　which　opposite　does　not
come　to　rest　in　its　own　opposite；　but　produces　itself　therein　afresh　merely　as　an　opposite。　

Here　then；　there　is　a　struggle　against　an　enemy；　victory　over　whom　really　means　being　worsted；
where　to　have　attained　one　result　is　really　to　lose　it　in　the　opposite。　Consciousness　of　life；　of　its
existence　and　action；　is　merely　pain　and　sorrow　over　this　existence　and　activity；　for　therein
consciousness　finds　only　consciousness　of　its　opposite　as　its　essence　—　and　of　its　own
nothingness。　Eleva