phenomenology of mind-第30章

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particular　occurrence　of　lightning　is　apprehended　as　universal；　and　this　universal　is　expressed　as
the　law　of　electricity；　the　explanation　thereupon　merges　the　law　in　force　as　the　essence　of　the　law。
This　force　is；　then；　so　constituted　that；　when　it　finds　expression；　opposite　electrical　discharges
appear；　and　these　again　disappear　into　one　another。　In　other　words；　force　has　exactly　the　same
constitution　as　law；　both　are　thus　declared　to　be　in　no　way　distinct。　The　distinctions　are　pure
universal　expression　or　law　and　pure　force；　but　both　have　the　same　content；　the　same　constitutive
character；　thus　the　distinction　between　them　qua　distinction　of　content；　i。e。　of　fact；　is　also　again
withdrawn。

In　this　tautological　process　understanding；　as　the　above　shows；　holds　fast　to　the　changeless　unity
of　its　object；　and　the　process　takes　effect　solely　within　understanding　itself；　not　in　the　object。　It　is
an　explanation　that　not　only　explains　nothing；　but　is　so　plain　that；　while　it　makes　as　if　it　would　say
something　different　from　what　is　already　said；　it　really　says　nothing　at　all；　but　merely　repeats　the
same　thing　over　again。　So　far　as　the　fact　itself　goes；　this　process　gives　rise　to　nothing　new；　the
process　is　only　of　account　as　a　process　of　understanding。　In　it；　however；　we　now　get　acquainted
with　just　what　we　missed　in　the　case　of　the　law　—　absolute　change　itself：　for　this　process；　when
looked　at　more　narrowly；　is　directly　the　opposite　of　itself。　It　sets　up；　that　is。　a　distinction　which　is
not　only　for　us　no　distinction；　but　which　it　itself　cancels　as　distinction。　This　is　the　same　process　of
change　which　was　formerly　manifested　as　the　play　of　forces。　In　the　latter　we　found　the　distinction
of　inciting　and　incited　force；　or　force　expressing　itself；　and　force　withdrawn　into　itself；　but　these
were　distinctions　which　in　reality　were　no　distinctions；　and　therefore　were　also　immediately
cancelled　again。　We　have　here　not　merely　the　naked　unity；　so　that　no　distinction　could　be　set　up　at
all；　the　process　we　have　is　rather　this；　that　a　distinction　is　certainly　made；　but　because　it　is　no
distinction；　it　is　again　superseded。

Thus；　then；　with　the　process　of　explaining；　we　see　the　ebb　and　flow　of　change；　which　was　formerly
characteristic　of　the　sphere　of　appearance；　and　lay　outside　the　inner　world；　finding　its　way　into　the
region　of　the　supersensible　itself。　Our　consciousness；　however；　has　passed　from　the　inner　being　as
an　object　over　to　understanding　on　the　other　side；　and　finds　the　changing　process　there。

The　change　is　in　this　way　not　yet　a　process　of　the　fact　itself；　but　rather　presents　itself　before　us　as
pure　change；　just　by　the　content　of　the　moments　of　change　remaining　the　same。　Since；　however；
the　notion　qua　notion　of　understanding　is　the　same　as　the　inner　nature　of　things；　this　change
becomes　for　understanding　the　law　of　the　inner　world。　Understanding　thus　learns　that　it　is　a　law　in
the　sphere　of　appearance　for　distinctions　to　come　about　which　are　no　distinctions。　In　other　words；
it　learns　that　what　is　self…same　is　self…repulsive；　and；　similarly；　that　the　distinctions　are　only　such　as
in　reality　are　none　and　cancel　one　another；　or　that　what　is　not　self…same　is　self…attractive。　Here　we
have　a　second　law；　whose　content　is　the　opposite　of　what　formerly　was　called　law；　viz。　the
invariable　and　unchanging　self…identical　distinction；　for　this　new　law　expresses　rather　the　process　of
like　becoming　unlike；　and　unlike　becoming　like。　The　notion　demands　of　the　unreflective　mind　to
bring　both　laws　together；　and　become　conscious　of　their　opposition。　Of　course　the　second　is　also
a　law；　an　inner　self…identical　being；　but　it　is　rather　a　self…sameness　of　the　unlike；　a　constancy　of
inconstancy。　In　the　play　of　forces　this　law　proved　to　be　just　this　absolute　transition　and　pure
change；　the　selfsame；　force；　split　into　an　opposition；　that　in　the　first　instance　appeared　as　a
substantial　independent　distinction；　which；　however；　in　point　of　fact　proved　to　be　none。　For　it　is
the　selfsame　which　repels　itself　from　itself；　and　this　element　repelled　is　in　consequence　essentially
self…attracted；　for　it　is　the　same；　the　distinction　made；　since　it　is　none；　thus　cancels　itself　again。　The
distinction　is　hence　set　forth　as　a　distinction　on　the　part　of　the　fact　itself；　or　as　an　absolute
（objective）　distinction；　and　this　distinction　on　the　part　of　the　fact　is　thus　nothing　but　the　selfsame；
that　which　has　repelled　itself　from　itself；　and　consequently　only　set　up　an　opposition　which　is　none。

By　means　of　this　principle；　the　first　supersensible　world；　the　changeless　kingdom　of　laws；　the
immediate　ectype　and　copy　of　the　world　of　perception；　has　turned　round　into　its　opposite。　The　law
was　in　general；　like　its　differences；　self…identical；　now；　however；　it　is　established　that　each　side　is；
on　the　contrary；　the　opposite　of　itself。　The　self…identical　repels　itself　from　itself；　and　the
self…discordant　sets　up　to　be　selfsame。　In　truth　only　with　a　determination　of　this　kind　is　distinction
inner　distinction；　or　immanent　distinction；　when　the　like　is　unlike　itself；　and　the　unlike　like　itself。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（c）　The　Law　of　Pure　Distinction：　the　Inverted　World

This　second　supersensible　world　is　in　this　way　the　inverted　world　（verkehrte　Welt）；　and；
moreover；　since　one　aspect　is　already　present　in　the　first　supersensible　world；　the　inverted　form　of
this　first。　The　inner　being　is；　thereby；　in　its　character　of　appearance　completed。　For　the　first
supersensible　world　was　only　the　immediate　raising　of　the　world　of　perception　into　the　element　of
universality。　It　has　its　necessary　counterpart　in　this　world　of　perception；　which　still　retains　as　its
own　the　principle　of　change　and　alteration。　The　first　kingdom　of　laws　dispenses　with　this　principle；
but　receives　it　in　the　form　of　an　inverted　world。

By　the　law　of　this　inverted　world；　then；　the　selfsame　in　the　first　world　is　the　unlike　of　itself；　and　the
unlike　in　the　first　is　equally　unlike　to　itself；　or　it　becomes　like　itself。　Expressed　in　determinate
moments；　this　will　assume　the　form　that　what　by　the　law　of　the　first　is　sweet；　is；　in　this　inner；
inverted　reality；　sour；　what　is　there　black　is　here　white。　What；　by　the　law　of　the　first；　was　north
pole　in　the　case　of　the　magnet；　is；　in　its　other　supersensible　inner　world　（viz。　in　the　earth）；　south
pole；　〃while　what　was　there　south　pole　is　here　north　pole。　Similarly；　what　by　the　first　law　is　in　the
case　of　electricity　the　oxygen　pole　becomes　in　its　other　supersensible　reality　hydrogen　pole；　and
conversely；　what　is　there　the　pole　of　hydrogen　becomes　here　the　pole　of　oxygen。　To　take　another
sphere　of　experience：　revenge　on　an　enemy　is；　according　to　the　primitive　immediate　law；　the
supreme　satisfaction　of　injured　individuality。　This　law；　however　—　that　of　standing　up　against　one
who　does　not　treat　me　as　a　substantial　self；　showing　him　that　I　am　a　substantial　being；　and　even
doing　away　with　him　as　a　reality　—　this　law　is　transmuted　by　the　principle　of　the　other　world　into
the　very　opposite；　the　reinstatement　of　myself　as　the　true　reality　through　the　removal　of　the　alien
hostile　being　is　turned　into　self…destruction。　If　now　this　inversion；　which　is　brought　out　in　the
punishment　of　crime；　is　made　into　a　law；　it　also　is　again　only　the　law　of　a　world　which　has　an
inverted　supersensuous　world　standing　in　antithesis　to　itself；　where　that　which　is　despised　in　the
former　comes　to　honour；　and　that　which　in　the　former　is　honoured　meets　with　contempt。　The
punishment　which；　by　the　law　of　the　former；　disgraces　a　man　and　annihilates　him；　turns　round　in　its
inverted　world　into　the　pardoning　grace　which　preserves　his　being　and　brings　him　to　honour。

Looked　at　on　the　surface；　this　inverted　world　is　the　antithesis　of　the　first　in　the　sense　that　it　has　the
latter　outside　itself；　and　repels　that　world　from　itself　as　an　inverted　reality；　that　the　one　is　the　sphere
of　appearance；　while　the　other　is　the　inherent　being；　that　the　one　is　the　world　as　it　is　for　an　other；
the　other　again　the　world　as　it　is　for　itself。　In　this　way；　to　use　the　previous　examples；　what　tastes
sweet　is　properly；　or　inwardly　in　the　thing；　sour；　or　what　is　north　pole　in　the　case　of　the　actual
magnet　belonging　to　the　sphere　of　appearance；　would　be；　in　the　inner　or　essential　being；　south
pole。　What　is　shown　to　be　oxygen　pole　in　electricity　as　a　phenomenon；　would　be　hydrogen　pole　in
the　case　of　electricity　not　failing　within　the　sphere　of　appearance。　Or　again；　an　act　which　in
appearance　is　a　crime　would　in　its　inner　nature　be　capable　of　being　really　good　—　a　bad　act　may
have　a　good　intention；　punishment　is　only　in　appearance　punishment；　in　itself　or　in　another　world　it
might　well　be；　for　the　criminal；　a　benefit。　But　such　oppositions　of　inner　and　outer；　appearance　and
supersensible；　in　the　sense　of　two　sorts　of　reality；　are　no　longer　to　be　found　here。　The　differences
repelled　are　not　divided　anew　and　assigned　to　two　substances　such　as　would　support　them　and
lend　them　a　separate　subsistence；　the　result　of　which　would　be　that　understanding　would　leave　the
inner　region；　and　fall　back　again　on　its　previous　position。　The　one　aspect　or　substance　would　be
once　more　the　world　of　perception；　where　the　one　of　those　two　laws　would　carry　on　its　existence；
and　in　opposition　to　it　an　inner　world；　just　such　a　sensible　world　as　the　first；　but　in　the　sphere　of
ideas；　one　that　could　not　be　indicated；　seen；　heard；　and　tasted　as　a　sensible　world；　and　yet　would
be　thought　of　as　such　a　sensible　world。　But　in　point　of　fact；　if　the　one　element　set　up　is　a　perceived
reality；　and　its　inherent　being；　as　its　inverted　form；　is　at　the　same　time　a　sensuously　represented
element；　then　sour；　which　would　be　the　inherent　nature　of　the　sweet　thing；　is　a　real　thing　just　as
much　as　the　latter；　viz。；　a　sour　thing；　black；　which　would　be　the　inherent　nature　of　white；　is　the
actual　black；　the　north　pole；　which　is　the　true　reality　of　the　south　pole；　is　the　north　pole　present　in
the　same　magnet；　the　oxygen　pole；　the　inherent　nature　of　the　pole　of　hydrogen；　is　the　given　oxygen
pole　of　the　same　voltaic　pile。　The　actual　crime；　however。　finds　its　inversion　and　its　inherent　nature
qua　possibility；　in　the　intention　as　such；　but　not　in　a　good　intention；　for　the　truth　of　intention　is
simply　the　deed　itself。　The　crime；　so　far　as　its　content　goes；　recoils　upon　itself；　finds　its　inversion　in
actual　punishment；　this　is　the　reconciliation　of　the　law　with　the　reality　set　up　against　it　in　crime。
Finally；　the　actual　punishment　carries　its　inverted　reality　with　it　in　such　a　way　that　it　is　a　kind　of
realization　of　the　law；　whereby　the　activity；　which　the　law　exercises　in　the　form　of　punishment；　is
cancelled　in　the　process；　a　manner　of　realization　through　which　the　law；　from　being　actively
operative；　becomes　again　quiescent　and　authoritative；　and　the　conflict　of　individuality　with　it；　and
of　it　with　individuality；　is　extinguished。

From　the　idea；　then；　of　inversion　which　constitutes　the　essential　nature　of　one　aspect　of　the
supersensible　world；　we　must　dissociate　the　sensuous　idea　of　keeping　distinctions　substantively
fixed　in　a　different　element　that　sustains　them；　and　this　absolute　notion　of　distinction　must　be　set