the commonwealth of oceana-第39章

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g　ten　wards　is　called　scazon；　the　second　containing　eight　metoche；　and　the　third　containing　as　many　telicouta；　the　bearing　of　which　names　in　mind　concerns　the　better　understanding　of　the　government。　　　　　〃Every　ward　has　her　wardmote；　court；　or　inquest；　consisting　of　all　that　are　of　the　clothing　or　liveries　of　companies　residing　within　the　same。　　　　　〃Such　are　of　the　livery　or　clothing　as　have　attained　to　the　dignity　to　wear　gowns　and　parti…colored　hoods　or　tippets；　according　to　the　rules　and　ancient　customs　of　their　respective　companies。　　　　　〃A　company　is　a　brotherhood　of　tradesmen　professing　the　same　art；　governed　according　to　their　charter　by　a　master　and　wardens。　Of　these　there　be　about　sixty；　whereof　twelve　are　of　greater　dignity　than　the　rest；　that　is　to　say；　the　mercers；　grocers；　drapers；　fishmongers；　goldsmiths；　skinners；　merchant…tailors；　haberdashers；　salters；　ironmongers；　vintners；　clothworkers；　which；　with　most　of　the　rest；　have　common　halls；　divers　of　them　being　of　ancient　and　magnificent　structure；　wherein　they　have　frequent　meetings；　at　the　summons　of　their　master　or　wardens；　for　the　managing　and　regulation　of　their　respective　trades　and　mysteries。　These　companies；　as　I　shall　show；　are　the　roots　of　the　whole　government　of　the　city。　For　the　liveries　that　reside　in　the　same　ward；　meeting　at　the　wardmote　inquest　（to　which　it　belongs　to　take　cognizance　of　all　sorts　of　nuisances　and　violations　of　the　customs　and　orders　of　the　city；　and　to　present　them　to　the　court　of　aldermen）；　have　also　power　to　make　election　of　two　sorts　of　magistrates　or　officers；　the　first　of　elders　or　aldermen　of　the　ward；　the　second　of　deputies　of　the　same；　otherwise　called　common　councilmen。　　　　　〃The　wards　in　these　elections；　because　they　do　not　elect　all　at　once；　but　some　one　year　and　some　another；　observe　the　distinction　of　the　three　tribes；　for　example；　the　scazon；　consisting　of　ten　wards；　makes　election　the　first　year　of　ten　aldermen；　one　in　each　ward；　and　of　150　deputies；　fifteen　in　each　ward；　all　which　are　triennial　magistrates　or　officers；　that　is　to　say；　are　to　bear　their　dignity　for　the　space　of　three　years。　　　　　〃The　second　year　the　metoche；　consisting　of　eight　wards；　elects　eight　aldermen；　one　in　each　ward；　and　120　deputies；　fifteen　in　each　ward；　being　also　triennial　magistrates。　　　　　〃The　third　year　telicouta；　consisting　of　a　like　number　of　wards；　elects　an　equal　number　of　like　magistrates　for　a　like　term。　So　that　the　whole　number　of　the　aldermen；　according　to　that　of　the　wards；　amounts　to　twenty…six；　and　the　whole　number　of　the　deputies；　to　390。　　　　　〃The　aldermen　thus　elected　have　divers　capacities；　for；　first；　they　are　justices　of　the　peace　for　the　term；　and　in　consequence　of　their　election。　Secondly；　they　are　presidents　of　the　wardmote　and　governors　each　of　that　ward　whereby　he　was　elected。　And　last　of　all；　these　magistrates　being　assembled　together；　constitute　the　Senate　of　the　city；　otherwise　called　the　court　of　aldermen；　but　no　man　is　capable　of　this　election　that　is　not　worth　？0；000。　This　court　upon　every　new　election　makes　choice　of　nine　censors　out　of　their　own　number。　　　　　〃The　deputies　in　like　manner　being　assembled　together；　constitute　the　prerogative　tribe　of　the　city；　otherwise　called　the　common　council；　by　which　means　the　Senate　and　the　people　of　the　city　were　comprehended；　as　it　were；　by　the　motion　of　the　national　government；　into　the　same　wheel　of　annual；　triennial；　and　perpetual　revolution。　　　　　〃But　the　liveries；　over　and　above　the　right　of　these　elections　by　their　divisions　mentioned；　being　assembled　all　together　at　the　guild　of　the　city；　constitute　another　assembly　called　the　common　hall。　　　　　〃The　common　hall　has　the　right　of　two　other　elections；　the　one　of　the　lord　mayor；　and　the　other　of　the　two　sheriffs；　being　annual　magistrates。　The　lord　mayor　can　be　elected　out　of　no　other　than　one　of　the　twelve　companies　of　the　first　ranks；　and　the　common　hall　agrees　by　the　plurality　of　suffrages　upon　two　names；　which；　being　presented　to　the　lord　mayor　for　the　time　being；　and　the　court　of　the　aldermen；　they　elect　one　by　their　scrutiny。　For　so　they　call　it；　though　it　differs　from　that　of　the　commonwealth。　The　orator　or　assistant　to　the　lord　mayor　in　holding　of　his　courts；　is　some　able　lawyer　elected　by　the　court　of　aldermen；　and　called　the　recorder　of　Emporium。　　　　　〃The　lord　mayor　being　thus　elected；　has　two　capacities：　one　regarding　the　nation；　and　the　other　the　city。　In　that　which　regards　the　city；　he　is　president　of　the　court　of　aldermen；　having　power　to　assemble　the　same；　or　any　other　council　of　the　city；　as　the　common　council　or　common　hall；　at　his　will　and　pleasure；　and　in　that　which　regards　the　nation；　he　is　commander…in…chief　of　the　three　tribes　whereinto　the　city　is　divided；　one　of　which　he　is　to　bring　up　in　person　at　the　national　muster　to　the　ballot；　as　his　vice…comites；　or　high　sheriffs；　are　to　do　by　the　other　two；　each　at　their　distinct　pavilion；　where　the　nine　aldermen；　elected　censors；　are　to　officiate　by　three　in　each　tribe；　according　to　the　rules　and　orders　already　given　to　the　censors　of　the　rustic　tribes。　And　the　tribes　of　the　city　have　no　other　than　one　common　phylarch；　which　is　the　court　of　aldermen　and　the　common　council；　for　which　cause　they　elect　not　at　their　muster　the　first　list　called　the　prime　magnitude。　　　　　〃The　conveniences　of　this　alteration　of　the　city　government；　besides　the　bent　of　it　to　a　conformity　with　that　of　the　nation；　were　many；　whereof　I　shall　mention　but　a　few：　as　first；　whereas　men　under　the　former　administration；　when　the　burden　of　some　of　these　magistracies　lay　for　life；　were　oftentimes　chosen　not　for　their　fitness；　but　rather　unfitness；　or　at　least　unwillingness　to　undergo　such　a　weight；　whereby　they　were　put　at　great　rates　to　fine　for　their　ease；　a　man　might　now　take　his　share　in　magistracy　with　that　equity　which　is　due　to　the　public；　and　without　any　inconvenience　to　his　private　affairs。　Secondly；　whereas　the　city　（inasmuch　as　the　acts　of　the　aristocracy；　or　court　of　aldermen；　in　their　former　way　of　proceeding；　were　rather　impositions　than　propositions）　was　frequently　disquieted　with　the　inevitable　consequence　of　disorder　in　the　power　of　debate　exercised　by　the　popular　part；　or　common　council；　the　right　of　debate　being　henceforth　established　in　the　court　of　aldermen；　and　that　of

result　in　the　common　council；　killed　the　branches　of　division　in　the　root。　Which　for　the　present　may　suffice　to　have　been　said　of　the　city　of　Emporium。　　　　　〃That　of　Hiera　consists　as　to　the　national　government　of　two　tribes；　the　first　called　agoroea；　the　second　propola；　but　as　to　the　peculiar　policy　of　twelve　manipuls；　or　wards　divided　into　three　cohorts；　each　cohort　containing　four　wards；　whereof　the　wards　of　the　first　cohort　elect　for　the　first　year　four　burgesses；　one　in　each　ward；　the　wards　of　the　second　cohort　for　the　second　year　four　burgesses；　one　in　each　ward；　and　the　wards　of　the　third　cohort　for　the　third　year　four　burgesses；　one　in　each　ward；　all　triennial　magistrates；　by　which　the　twelve　burgesses；　making　one　court　for　the　government　of　this　city　according　to　their　instructions　by　act　of　Parliament；　fall　likewise　into　an　annual；　triennial；　and　perpetual　revolution。　　　　　〃This　court　being　thus　constituted；　makes　election　of　divers　magistrates；　as　first；　of　a　high　steward；　who　is　commonly　some　person　of　quality；　and　this　magistracy　is　elected　in　the　Senate　by　the　scrutiny　of　this　court；　with　him　they　choose　some　able　lawyer　to　be　his　deputy；　and　to　hold　the　court；　and　last　of　all　they　elect　out　of　their　own　number　six　censors。　　　　　〃The　high　steward　is　commander…in…chief　of　the　two　tribes；　whereof　he　in　person　brings　up　the　one　at　the　national　muster　to　the　ballot；　and　his　deputy　the　other　at　a　distinct　pavilion；　the　six　censors　chosen　by　the　court　officiating　by　three　in　each　tribe　at　the　urns；　and　these　tribes　have　no　other　phylarch　but　this　court。　　　　　〃As　for　the　manner　of　elections　and　suffrage；　both　in　Emporium　and　Hiera；　it　may　be　said；　once　for　all；　that　they　are　performed　by　ballot；　and　according　to　the　respective　rules　already　given。　　　　　〃There　be　other　cities　and　corporations　throughout　the　territory；　whose　policy　being　much　of　this　kind；　would　be　tedious　and　not　worth　the　labor　to　insert；　nor　dare　I　stay。　Juvenum　manus　emicat　ardens。〃　　　　　I　return；　according　to　the　method　of　the　commonwealth；　to　the　remaining　parts　of　her　orbs；　which　are　military　and　provincial；　the　military；　except　the　strategus；　and　the　polemarchs　or　field…officers；　consIsting　of　the　youth　only；　and　the　provincial　consisting　of　a　mixture　both　of　elders　and　of　the　youth。　　　　　To　begin　with　the　youth；　or　the　military　orbs；　they　are　circles　to　which　the　commonwealth　must　have　a　care　to　keep　close。　A　man　is　a　spirit　raised　by　the　magic　of　nature；　if　she　does　not　stand　safe；　and　so　that　she　may　set　him　to　some　good　and　useful　work；　he　spits　fire；　and　blows　up　castles；　for　where　there　is　life；　there　must　be　motion　or　work；　and　the　work　of　idleness　is　mischief；　but　the　work　of　industry　is　health。　To　set　men　to　this；　the　commonwealth　must　begin　betimes　with　them；　or　it　will　be　too　late；　and　the　means　whereby　she　sets　them　to　it　is　education；　the　plastic　art　of　government。　But　it　is　as　frequent　as　sad　in　experience　（whether　through　negligence；　or；　which　in　the　consequence　is　all　one　or　worse；　over…fondness　in　the　domestic　performance　of　this　duty）　that　innumerable　children　come　to　owe　their　utter　perdition　to　their　own　parents；　in　each　of　which　the　commonwealth　loses　a　citizen。　　　　　Wherefore　the　laws　of　a　government；　how　wholesome　soever　in　themselves；　are　such　as；　if　men　by　a　congruity　in　their　education　be　not　bred　to　find　a　relish　in　them；　they　will　be　sure　to　loathe　and　detest。　The　education　therefore　of　a　man's　own　children　is　not　wholly　to　be　committed　or　trusted　to　himself。　You　find　in　Livy　the　children　of　Brutus；　having　been　bred　under　monarchy；　and　used　to　a　court　life；　making　faces　at　the　Commonwealth　of　Rome：　〃A　king　（say　they）　is　a　man　with　whom　you　may　prevail　when　you　have　need　there　should　be　law；　or　when　you　have　need　there　should　be　no　law；　he　has　favors　in　the　right；　and　he　frowns　not　in　the　wrong　place；　he　knows　his　friends　from　his　enemies。　But　laws　are　deaf；　inexorable　things；　such　as　make　no　difference　between　a　gentleman　and　an　ordinary　fellow；　a　man　can　never　be　merry　for　them；　for　to　trust　altogether　to　his　own　innocence　is　a　sad　life。〃　Unhappy　wantons！　Scipio；　on　the　other　side；　when　he　was　but　a　boy　（about　two　or　three　and　twenty）；　being　informed　that　certain　patricians　of　Roman　gentlemen；　through　a　qualm　upon　the　defeat　which　Hannibal　had　given　them　at　Cannae；　were　laying　their　heads　together　and　contriving　their　flight　with　the　transportation　of　their　goods　out　of　Rome；　drew　his　sword；　and　setting　himself　at　the　door　of　the　chamber　where　they　were　at　council；　protested　〃that　who　did　not　immediately　swear　not　to　desert　the　commonwealth；　he　would　make　his　soul　to　desert　his　body。〃　Let　men　argue　as　they　please　for　monarchy；　or　against　a　commonwealth；　the　world　shall　never　see　any　man　so　sottish　or　wicked　as　in　cool　blood　to　prefer　the　education　of　the　sons　of　Brutus　before　that　of　Scipio；　and　of　this　mould；　except　a　Melius　or　a　Manlius；　was　the　whole　youth　of　that　commonwealth；　though　not　ordinarily　so　well　cast。　　　　　Now