the commonwealth of oceana-第25章

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space　of　one　hour；　in　which　time　the　magistrates　of　the　Senate；　being　attended　according　to　their　quality；　with　a　respective　number　of　the　ballotins；　doorkeepers；　and　messengers；　and　having　the　ensigns　of　their　magistracies　borne　before　them；　as　the　sword　before　the　strategus；　the　mace　before　the　orator；　a　mace　with　the　seal　before　the　commissioners　of　the　chancery；　the　like　with　the　purse　before　the　commissioners　of　the　treasury；　and　a　silver　wand；　like　those　in　use　with　the　universities；　before　each　of　the　censors；　being　chancellors　of　the　same。　These；　with　the　knights；　in　all　300；　assemble　in　the　house　or　hall　of　the　Senate。　　　　　The　house　or　hall　of　the　Senate　being　situated　in　the　Pantheon　or　palace　of　justice；　is　a　room　consisting　of　a　square　and　a　half。　In　the　middle　of　the　lower　end　is　the　door；　at　the　upper　end　hangs　a　rich　state　overshadowing　the　greater　part　of　a　large　throne；　or　half…pace　of　two　stages；　the　first　ascended　by　two　steps　from　the　floor；　and　the　second　about　the　middle　rising　two　steps　higher。　Upon　this　stand　two　chairs；　in　that　on　the　right　hand　sits　the　strategus；　in　the　other　the　orator　adorned　with　scarlet　robes；　after　the　fashion　that　was　used　by　the　dukes　in　the　aristocracy。　At　the　right　end　of　the　upper　stage　stand　three　chairs；　in　which　the　three　commissioners　of　the　seal　are　placed；　and　at　the　other　end　sit　the　three　commissioners　of　the　treasury；　every　one　in　a　robe　or　habit　like　that　of　the　earls。　Of　these　magistrates　of　this　upper　stage　consists　the　signory。　At　either　end　of　the　lower　stage　stands　a　little　table；　to　which　the　secretaries　of　the　Senate　are　set　with　their　tufted　sleeves　in　the　habit　of　civil　lawyers。　To　the　four　steps；　whereby　the　two　stages　of　the　throne　are　ascended；　answer　four　long　benches；　which　successively　deriving　from　every　one　of　the　steps；　continue　their　respective　height；　and　extend　themselves　by　the　side　walls　toward　the　lower　end　of　the　house；　every　bench　being　divided　by　numeral　characters　into　the　thirty…seven　parts　or　places。　Upon　the　upper　benches　sit　the　censors　in　the　robes　of　barons；　the　first　in　the　middle　of　the　right　hand　bench；　and　the　second　directly　opposite　to　him　on　the　other　side。　Upon　the　rest　of　the　benches　sit　the　knights；　who；　if　they　be　called　to　the　urns；　distributing　themselves　by　the　figures；　come　in　equal　files；　either　by　the　first　seat；　which　consists　of　the　two　upper　benches　on　either　side；　or　by　the　second　seat；　consisting　of　the　two　lower　benches　on　either　side；　beginning　also　at　the　upper　or　at　the　lower　ends　of　the　same；　according　to　the　lot　whereby　they　are　called；　for　which　end　the　benches　are　open；　and　ascended　at　either　end　with　easy　stairs　and　large　passages。　　　　　The　rest　of　the　ballot　is　conformable　to　that　of　the　tribe；　the　censors　of　the　house　sitting　at　the　side　urn；　and　the　youngest　magistrate　of　the　signory　at　the　middle；　the　urns　being　placed　before　the　throne；　and　prepared　according　to　the　number　of　the　magistrates　to　be　at　that　time　chosen　by　the　rules　already　given　to　the　censors　of　the　tribes。　But　before　the　benches　of　the　knights　on　either　side　stands　one　being　shorter；　and　at　the　upper　end　of　this　sit　the　two　tribunes　of　the　horse。　At　the　upper　end　of　the　other　the　two　tribunes　of　the　foot　in　their　arms；　the　rest　of　the　benches　being　covered　by　the　judges　of　the　land　in　their　robes。　But　these　magistrates　have　no　suffrage；　nor　the　tribunes；　though　they　derive　their　presence　in　the　Senate　from　the　Romans；　nor　the　judges；　though　they　derive　theirs　from　the　ancient　Senate　of　Oceana。　Every　Monday　this　assembly　sits　of　course；　at　other　times；　if　there　be　occasion；　any　magistrate　of　the　house；　by　giving　order　for　the　bell；　or　by　his　lictor　or　ensign…bearer；　calls　a　senate。　And　every　magistrate　or　knight　during　his　session　has　the　title；　place；　and　honor　of　a　duke；　earl；　baron；　or　knight　respectively　And　every　one　that　has　borne　the　same　magistracy　by　his　third　session；　has　his　respective　place　and　title　during　the　term　of　his　life；　which　is　all　the　honor　conferred　by　this　commonwealth；　except　upon　the　master　of　the　ceremonies；　the　master　of　the　horse；　and　the　king　of　the　heralds；　who　are　knights　by　their　places。　And　thus　you　have　the　face　of　the　Senate；　in　which　there　is　scarce　any　feature　that　is　not　Roman　or　Venetian；　nor　do　the　horns　of　the　crescent　extend　themselves　much　unlike　those　of　the　Sanhedrim；　on　either　hand　of　the　prince；　and　of　the　father　of　that　Senate。　But　upon　beauty；　in　which　every　man　has　his　fancy；　we　will　not　otherwise　philosophize　than　to　remember　that　there　is　something　more　than　decency　in　the　robe　of　a　judge；　that　would　not　be　well　spared　from　the　bench；　and　that　the　gravest　magistrate　to　whom　you　can　commit　the　sword　of　justice；　will　find　a　quickness　in　the　spurs　of　honor；　which；　if　they　be　not　laid　to　virtue；　will　lay　themselves　to　that　which　may　rout　a　commonwealth。　　　　　To　come　from　the　face　of　the　Senate　to　the　constitution　and　use　of　the　parts：　it　is　contained　in　the　peculiar　orders。　And　the　orders　which　are　peculiar　to　the　Senate；　are　either　of　election　or　instruction。　　　　　Elections　in　the　Senate　are　of　three　sorts：　annual；　biennial；　and　extraordinary。　　　　　Annual　elections　are　performed　by　the　schedule　called　the　tropic；　and　the　tropic　consists　of　two　parts：　the　one　containing　the　magistrates；　and　the　other　the　councils　to　be　yearly　elected。　The　schedule　or　tropic　of　the　magistrates　is　as　follows　in　　　　　　The　fifteenth　order　requiring；　〃That　upon　every　Monday　next　ensuing　the　last　of　March；　the　knights　of　the　annual　galaxies　taking　their　places　in　the　Senate；　be　called　the　third　region　of　the　same；　and　that　the　house　having　dismissed　the　first　region；　and　received　the　third；　proceed　to　election　of　the　magistrates　contained　in　the　first　part　of　the　tropic；　by　the　ensuing　schedule：

The　lord　strategus；　The　lord　orator；　the　first　censor；　The　second　censor；　　　　　Annual　magistrates；

The　third　commissioner　of　the　seal；　The　third　commissioner　of　the　Treasury；　　　　　Triennal　magistrates。


〃The　annual　magistrates　（provided　that　no　one　man　bears　above　one　of　those　honors　during　the　term　of　one　session）　may　be　elected　out　of　any　region。　But　the　triennial　magistrates　may　not　be　elected　out　of　any　other　than　the　third　region　only；　lest　the　term　of　their　session　expire　before　that　of　their　honor；　and　（it　being　unlawful　for　a　man　to　bear　magistracy　any　longer　than　he　is　thereto　qualified　by　the　election　of　the　people）　cause　a　fraction　in　the　rotation　of　this　commonwealth。　　　　　〃The　strategus　is　first　president　of　the　Senate；　and　general　of　the　army；　if　it　be　commanded　to　march；　in　which　case　there　shall　be　a　second　strategus　elected　to　be　first　president　of　the　Senate；　and　general　of　the　second　army；　and　if　this　also　be　commanded　to　march；　a　third　strategus　shill　be　chosen；　and　so　on；　as　long　as　the　commonwealth　sends　forth　armies。　　　　　〃The　lord　orator　is　the　second　and　more　peculiar　president　of　the　Senate　to　whom　it　appertains　to　keep　the　house　to　orders。　　　　　〃The　censors；　whereof　the　first；　by　consequence　of　his　election；　is　chancellor　of　the　University　of　Clio；　and　the　second　of　that　of　Calliope；　are　presidents　of　the　Council　for　Religion　and　magistrates；　to　whom　it　belongs　to　keep　the　house　to　the　order　of　the　ballot。　They　are　also　inquisitors　into　the　ways　and　means　of　acquiring　magistracy；　and　have　power　to　punish　indirect　proceedings　in　the　same；　by　removing　a　knight　or　magistrate　out　of　the　house；　under　appeal　to　the　Senate。　　　　　〃The　commissioners　of　the　seal　being　three；　whereof　the　third　is　annually　chosen　out　of　the　third　region；　are　judges　in　chancery。　　　　　〃The　commissioners　of　the　Treasury　being　three；　whereof　the　third　is　annually　chosen　out　of　the　third　region；　are　judges　in　the　exchequer；　and　every　magistrate　of　this　schedule　has　right　to　propose　to　the　Senate。　　　　　〃But　the　strategus　with　the　six　commissioners　is　the　signory　of　this　commonwealth；　having　right　of　session　and　suffrage　in　every　council　of　the　Senate；　and　power　either　jointly　or　severally　to　propose　in　all　or　any　of　them。〃　　　　　I　have　little　in　this　order　to　observe　and　prove　but　that　the　strategus　is　the　same　honor　both　in　name　and　thing　that　was　borne；　among　others；　by　Philopemen　and　Aratus　in　the　Commonwealth　of　the　Achaeans；　the　like　having　been　in　use　also　with　the　AEtolians。　The　orator；　called　otherwise　the　speaker；　is；　with　small　alteration；　the　same　that　had　been　of　former　use　in　this　nation。　These　two；　if　you　will；　may　be　compared　to　the　consuls　in　Rome；　or　the　suffetes　in　Carthage；　for　their　magistracy　is　scarce　different。　　　　　The　censors　derive　their　power　of　removing　a　senator　from　those　of　Rome；　the　government　of　the　ballot　from　those　of　Venice；　and　that　of　animadversion　upon　the　ambitus；　or　canvass　for　magistracy；　from　both。　　　　　The　signory；　with　the　whole　right　and　use　of　that　magistracy　to　be　hereafter　more　fully　explained；　is　almost　purely　Venetian。　　　　　The　second　part　of　the　tropic　is　directed　by　　　　　　The　sixteenth　order〃　Whereby　the　constitution　of　the　councils　being　four；　that　is　to　say；　the　Council　of　State；　the　Council　of　War；　the　Council　of　Religion；　and　the　Council　of　Trade；　is　rendered　conformable　in　their　revolutions　to　that　of　the　Senate。　As：　First；　by　the　annual　election　of　five　knights　out　of　the　first　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　State；　consisting　of　fifteen　knights；　five　in　every　region。　Secondly；　by　the　annual　election　of　three　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Council　of　State；　to　be　proposed　by　the　provosts；　and　elected　by　that　council；　into　the　Council　of　War；　consisting　of　nine　knights；　three　in　every　region；　not　excluded　by　this　election　from　remaining　members　also　of　the　Council　of　State。　The　four　tribunes　of　the　people　have　right　of　session　and　suffrage　in　the　Council　of　War。　Thirdly；　by　the　annual　election　of　four　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　Religion；　consisting　of　twelve　knights；　four　in　every　region；　of　this　council　the　censors　are　presidents。　Fourthly；　by　the　annual　election　of　four　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　Trade；　consisting　of　twelve　knights；　four　in　every　region。　And　each　region；　in　every　one　of　these　councils　thus　constituted；　shall　weekly　and　interchangeably　elect　one　provost　whose　magistracy　shall　continue　for　one　week；　nor　shall　he　be　re…elected　into　the　same　till　every　knight　of　that　region　in　the　same　council　has　once　borne　the　same　magistracy。　And　the　provosts　being　one　in　every　region；　three　in　every　council；　and　twelve　in　all；　beside　their　other　capacities；　shall　assemble　and　be　a　council；　or　rather　an　Academy　apart；　to　certain　ends　and　purposes　to　be　hereafter　further　explained　with　those　of　the　rest　of　the　councils。〃　　　　　This　order　is　of　no　other　use　than　the　frame　and　turn　of　the　councils；　and　yet　of　no　small　one；　for　in　motion　consists　life；　and　the　motion　of　a　commonwealth　will　never　be　current　unless　it　be　circular。　Men　that；　like　my　Lord　Epimonus；　not　enduring　the　resemblance　of　this　kind　of　government　to　orbs　and　spheres；　fall　on　physicking　and　purging　it；　do　no　more　than　is　necessary；　for　if　it　be　not　in　rotation　both　as　to　persons　and　things；　it　will　be　very　sick。　The　people　of　Rome；　as　to　persons；　if　they　had　not　been　taken　up　by　the　wheel　of　magistracy；　had　overturned　the　chariot　of　t