the commonwealth of oceana-第23章

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　neither　be　out；　nor　fall　into　any　confusion　in　the　exercise　of　this　art。　　　　　But　the　ballot；　as　I　said；　is　of　two　parts；　lot　and　suffrage；　or　the　proposition　and　result。　The　lot　determines　who　shall　propose　the　competitors；　and　the　result　of　the　Senate；　which　of　the　competitors　shall　be　the　magistrates。　The　whole；　to　begin　with　the　lot；　proceeds　in　this　manner：　　　　　The　first　secretary　with　an　audible　voice　reads　first　the　list　of　the　magistrates　to　be　chosen　for　the　day；　then　the　oath　for　fair　election；　at　which　the　senators　hold　up　their　hands；　which　done；　another　secretary　presents　a　little　urn　to　the　strategus；　in　which　are　four　balls；　each　of　them　having　one　of　these　four　inscriptions：　〃First　seat　at　the　upper　end；〃　〃First　seat　at　the　lower　end；〃　〃Second　seat　at　the　upper　end；〃　〃Second　seat　at　the　lower　end。〃　And　look　which　of　them　the　strategus　draws；　the　secretary　pronouncing　the　inscription　with　a　loud　voice；　the　seat　so　called　comes　accordingly　to　the　urns：　this　in　the　figure　is　the　second　seat　at　the　upper　end。　The　manner　of　their　coming　to　the　side　urns　is　in　double　files；　that　being　two　holes　in　the　cover　of　each　side　urn；　by　which　means　two　may　draw　at　once。　The　senators　therefore　S；　S…S；　S　are　coming　from　the　upper　end　of　their　seats　H；　H…H；　H　to　the　side　urns　L；　L。　The　senators　T　T…T　are　drawing。　The　senator　V　has　drawn　a　gold　ball　at　his　side　urn；　and　is　going　to　the　middle　urn　F；　where　the　senator　W；　having　done　the　like　at　the　other　side　urn；　is　already　drawing。　But　the　senators　X；　X…X；　X　having　drawn　blanks　at　their　side　urns；　and　thrown　them　into　the　bowls　Y　Y　standing　at　the　feet　of　the　urns；　are　marching　by　the　lower　end　into　their　seats　again；　the　senator　a　having　done　the　like　at　the　middle　urn；　is　also　throwing　his　blank　into　the　bowl　b　and　marching　to　his　seat　again：　for　a　man　by　a　prize　at　a　side　urn　gains　no　more　than　right　to　come　to　the　middle　urn；　where；　if　he　draws　a　blank；　his　fortune　at　the　side　urn　comes　to　nothing　at　all；　wherefore　he　also　returns　to　his　place。　But　the　senator　C　has　had　a　prize　at　the　middle　urn；　where　the　commissioner；　having　viewed　his　ball；　and　found　the　mark　to　be　right；　he　marches　up　the　steps　to　the　seat　of　the　electors；　which　is　the　form　d　set　across　the　tribunal；　where　he　places　himself；　according　as　he　was　drawn；　with　the　other　electors　e；　e；　e　drawn　before　him。　These　are　not　to　look　back；　but　sit　with　their　faces　toward　the　signory　or　state；　till　their　number　amount　to　that　of　the　magistrates　to　be　that　day　chosen；　which　for　the　present；　as　was　shown；　are　six：　wherefore　six　electors　being　made；　they　are　reckoned　according　as　they　were　drawn：　first；　second；　third；　fourth；　fifth；　sixth；　in　their　order；　and　the　first　six　that　are　chosen　are　the　first　order　of　electors。　　　　　The　first　order　of　electors　being　made；　are　conducted　by　a　secretary；　with　a　copy　of　the　list　to　be　chosen；　out　of　the　Senate；　and　into　a　committee　or　council…chamber；　being　neither　suffered　by　the　way；　nor　in　their　room　（till　the　ballot　be　ended）；　to　have　conference　with　any　but　themselves；　wherefore　the　secretary；　having　given　them　their　oath　that　they　shall　make　election　according　to　the　law　and　their　conscience；　delivers　them　the　list；　and　seats　himself　at　the　lower　end　of　the　table　with　his　pen　and　paper；　while　another　secretary　keeps　the　door。　　　　　By　such　time　as　the　first　order　of　electors　are　thus　seated；　the　second　order　of　electors　is　drawn；　who；　with　a　second　copy　of　the　same　list；　are　conducted　into　another　committee…chamber；　by　other　secretaries　performing　the　same　office　with　the　former。　　　　　The　like　exactly　is　done　by　the　third　and　by　the　fourth　orders　（or　hands；　as　the　Venetians　call　them）　of　electors；　by　which　means　you　have　the　four…and…twenty　electors　divided　according　to　the　four　copies　of　the　same　list；　by　six；　into　four　hands　or　orders；　and　every　one　of　these　orders　names　one　competitor　to　every　magistracy　in　the　list；　that　is　to　say；　the　first　elector　names　to　the　first　magistracy；　the　second　elector　to　the　second　magistracy；　and　so　forth。　But　though　the　electors；　as　has　been　shown；　are　chosen　by　mere　lot；　yet　the　competitors　by　them　named　are　not　chosen　by　any　lot；　but　by　the　suffrage　of　the　whole　order　for　example；　the　first　elector　in　the　first　order　proposes　a　name　to　be　strategus；　which　name　is　balloted　by　himself　and　the　other　five　electors；　and　if　the　name　so　balloted　attain　not　to　above　half　the　suffrages；　it　is　laid　aside；　and　the　first　elector　names　another　to　the　same　magistracy　and　so　in　case　this　also　fails；　another；　till　one　he　has　named；　whether　it　be　himself；　or　some　other；　has　attained　to　above　half　the　suffrages　in　the　affirmative；　and　the　name　so　attaining　to　above　half　the　suffrages　in　the　affirmative　is　written　to　the　first　magistracy　in　the　list　by　the　secretary　which　being　done；　the　second　elector　of　the　first　order；　names　to　'the　second　magistracy　till　one　of　his　nomination　be　chosen　to　the　same。　The　like　is　done　by　the　rest　of　the　electors　of　the　first　order；　till　one　competitor　be　chosen；　and　written　to　every　magistracy　in　their　list。　Now　the　second；　third；　and　fourth　orders　of　electors　doing　exactly　after　the　same　manner；　it　comes　to　pass　that　one　competitor　to　every　magistracy　being　chosen　in　each　order；　there　be　in　all　four　competitors　chosen　to　every　magistracy。　　　　　If　any　controversy　arises　in　an　order　of　electors；　one　of　the　censors　（these　being　at　this　game　the　groom…porters）　is　advertised　by　the　secretary　who　brings　him　in；　and　the　electors　disputing　are　bound　to　acquiesce　in　his　sentence。　For　which　cause　it　is　that　the　censors　do　not　ballot　at　the　urns；　the　signory　also　abstains；　lest　it　should　deform　the　house：　wherefore　the　blanks　in　the　side　urns　are　by　so　many　the　fewer。　And　so　much　for　the　lot；　which　is　of　the　greater　art　but　less　consequence；　because　it　concerns　proposition　only：　but　all　（except　the　tribunes　and　the　judges；　which　being　but　assistants　have　no　suffrage）　are　to　ballot　at　the　result；　to　which　I　now　come。　　　　　The　four　orders　of　electors　having　perfected　their　lists；　the　face　of　the　house　is　changed：　for　the　urns　are　taken　away；　and　every　senator　and　magistrate　is　seated　in　his　proper　place；　saving　the　electors；　who；　having　given　their　suffrages　already；　may　not　stir　out　of　their　chambers　till　the　house　have　given　theirs；　and　the　rest　of　the　ballot　be　performed；　which　follows　in　this　manner：　　　　　The　four　lists　being　presented　by　the　secretaries　of　each　council　of　electors　to　the　signory；　are　first　read；　according　to　their　order；　to　the　house；　with　an　audible　voice；　and　then　the　competitors　are　put　to　the　ballot　or　suffrage　of　the　whole　Senate　in　this　manner：　A；　A　named　to　be　strategus　in　the　first　order；　whereupon　eight　ballotins；　or　pages；　such　as　are　expressed　by　the　figures　f；　f；　take　eight　of　the　boxes　represented；　though　rudely；　by　the　figures　g；　g；　and　go　four　on　the　one　and　four　on　the　other　side　of　the　house；　that　is；　one　to　every　bench；　signifying　〃A；　A　named　to　be　the　strategus　in　the　first　order。。〃　and　every　magistrate　or　senator　（beginning　by　the　strategus　and　the　orator　first）　holds　up　a　little　pellet　of　linen；　as　the　box　passes；　between　his　finger　and　his　thumb；　that　men　may　see　he　has　but　one；　and　then　puts　it　into　the　same。　The　box　consisting　in　the　inner　part　of　two　boxes；　being　painted　on　the　outside　white　and　green；　to　distinguish　the　affirmative　from　the　negative　side；　is　so　made　that　when　your　hand　is　in　it；　no　man　can　see　to　which　of　the　sides　you　put　the　suffrage；　nor　hear　to　which　it　falls；　because　the　pellet　being　linen；　makes　no　noise。　The　strategus　and　the　orator　having　begun；　all　the　rest　do　the　like。　　　　　The　ballotins　having　thus　gathered　the　suffrages；　bring　them　before　the　signory；　in　whose　presence　the　outward　boxes　being　opened；　they　take　out　the　inner　boxes；　whereof　the　affirmative　is　white；　and　the　negative　green；　and　pour　the　white　in　the　bowl　N　on　the　right　hand；　which　is　white　also；　and　the　green　into　the　bowl　N　on　the　left；　which　is　also　green。　These　bowls　or　basins　（better　represented　at　the　lower　end　of　the　figure　by　h；　i）　being　upon　this　occasion　set　before　the　tables　of　the　secretaries　at　the　upper　end　N；　N；　the　white　on　the　right　hand；　and　the　green　on　the　left；　the　secretaries　on　each　side　number　the　balls；　by　which；　if　they　find　that　the　affirmatives　amount　not　to　above　one…half；　they　write　not　the　name　that　was　balloted；　but　if　they　amount　to　above　one…half；　they　write　it；　adding　the　number　of　above　half　the　suffrages　to　which　it　attained。　The　first　name　being　written；　or　laid　aside；　the　next　that　is　put　is　BB　named　to　be　strategus　in　the　second　order；　the　third　CC；　named　to　be　strategus　in　the　third　order；　the　fourth　DD；　named　to　be　strategus　in　the　fourth　order　and　he　of　these　four　competitors　that　has　most　above　half　in　the　affirmative；　is　the　magistrate；　or　if　none　of　them　attain　to　above　half；　the　nomination　for　that　magistracy　is　to　be　repeated　by　such　new　electors　as　shall　be　chosen　at　the　next　ballot。　And　so；　as　is　exemplified　in　the　first　magistracy；　proceeds　the　ballot　of　the　rest；　first　in　the　first；　then　in　the　second；　and　so　in　the　third　and　fourth　orders。　　　　　Now　whereas　it　may　happen　that　AA；　for　example；　being　named　strategus　in　the　first　order；　may　also　be　named　to　the　same　or　some　one　or　more　other　magistracies　in　one　or　more　of　the　other　orders；　his　name　is　first　balloted　where　it　is　first　written；　that　is　to　the　more　worthy　magistracy；　whereof　if　he　misses；　he　is　balloted　as　it　comes　in　course　for　the　next；　and　so　for　the　rest；　if　he　misses　of　that；　as　often　as　he　is　named。　　　　　And　because　to　be　named　twice；　or　oftener；　whether　to　the　same　or　some　other　magistracy；　is　the　stronger　recommendation；　the　note　must　not　fail　to　be　given　upon　the　name；　at　the　proposition　in　this　manner：　AA　named　to　be　strategus　in　the　first；　and　in　the　second　order；　or　AA　named　to　be　strategus　in　the　first　and　the　third；　in　the　first　and　the　fourth；　etc。　But　if　he　be　named　to　the　same　magistracy　in　the　first；　second；　third；　and　fourth　orders；　he　can　have　no　competitor；　wherefore　attaining　to　above　half　the　suffrages；　he　is　the　magistrate。　Or　thus：　AA　named　to　be　strategus　in　the　first；　to　be　censor　in　the　second；　to　be　orator　in　the　third；　and　to　be　commissioner　of　the　seal　in　the　fourth　order；　or　the　like　in　more　or　fewer　orders；　in　which　cases　if　he　misses　of　the　first　magistracy；　he　is　balloted　to　the　second；　if　he　misses　of　the　second；　to　the　third；　and　if　he　misses　of　the　third；　to　the　fourth。　　　　　The　ballot　not　finished　before　sunset；　though　the　election　of　the　magistrates　already　chosen　be　good；　voids　the　election　of　such　competitors　as　being　chosen　are　not　yet　furnished　with　magistracies；　as　if　they　had　never　been　named　（for　this　is　no　juggling…box；　but　an　art　that　must　see　the　sun）；　and　the　ballot　for　the　remaining　magistracies　is　to　be　repeated　the　next　day　by　new　orders　of　electors；　and　such　competitors　as　by　them　shall　be　elected。　And　so　in　the　like　manner；　if　of　all　the　names　proposed　to　the　same　magistracy；　no　one　of　them　attains　to　above　half　the　suffrages　in　the　affirmative。　　　　　The　senatorian　ballot　of　Oceana　being　thus　described；　those　of　the　parish；　of　the　hundred；　and　of　the　tribe；　being　so　little　different；　that　in　this　they　are　all　contained；　and　by　this　may　be　easily　understood；　a