lecture20-第2章

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inclines。　　The　scientist；　so…called；　is；　during　his　scientific



hours　at　least；　so　materialistic　that　one　may　well　say　that　on



the　whole　the　influence　of　science　goes　against　the　notion　that



religion　should　be　recognized　at　all。　　And　this　antipathy　to



religion　finds　an　echo　within　the　very　science　of　religions



itself。　　The　cultivator　of　this　science　has　to　become　acquainted



with　so　many　groveling　and　horrible　superstitions　that　a



presumption　easily　arises　in　his　mind　that　any　belief　that　is



religious　probably　is　false。　　In　the　〃prayerful　communion〃　of



savages　with　such　mumbo…jumbos　of　deities　as　they　acknowledge；　it



is　hard　for　us　to　see　what　genuine　spiritual　workeven　though　it



were　work　relative　only　to　their　dark　savage　obligations　can



possibly　be　done。







The　consequence　is　that　the　conclusions　of　the　science　of



religions　are　as　likely　to　be　adverse　as　they　are　to　be　favorable



to　the　claim　that　the　essence　of　religion　is　true。　　There　is　a



notion　in　the　air　about　us　that　religion　is　probably　only　an



anachronism；　a　case　of　〃survival；〃　an　atavistic　relapse　into　a



mode　of　thought　which　humanity　in　its　more　enlightened　examples



has　outgrown；　and　this　notion　our　religious　anthropologists　at



present　do　little　to　counteract。







This　view　is　so　widespread　at　the　present　day　that　I　must



consider　it　with　some　explicitness　before　I　pass　to　my　own



conclusions。　　Let　me　call　it　the　〃Survival　theory；〃　for　brevity's



sake。







The　pivot　round　which　the　religious　life；　as　we　have　traced　it；



revolves；　is　the　interest　of　the　individual　in　his　private



personal　destiny。　　Religion；　in　short；　is　a　monumental　chapter　in



the　history　of　human　egotism。　　The　gods　believed　inwhether　by



crude　savages　or　by　men　disciplined　intellectuallyagree　with



each　other　in　recognizing　personal　calls。　　Religious　thought　is



carried　on　in　terms　of　personality；　this　being；　in　the　world　of



religion；　the　one　fundamental　fact。　　To…day；　quite　as　much　as　at



any　previous　age；　the　religious　individual　tells　you　that　the



divine　meets　him　on　the　basis　of　his　personal　concerns。







Science；　on　the　other　hand；　has　ended　by　utterly　repudiating　the



personal　point　of　view。　　She　catalogues　her　elements　and　records



her　laws　indifferent　as　to　what　purpose　may　be　shown　forth　by



them；　and　constructs　her　theories　quite　careless　of　their　bearing



on　human　anxieties　and　fates。　Though　the　scientist　may



individually　nourish　a　religion；　and　be　a　theist　in　his



irresponsible　hours；　the　days　are　over　when　it　could　be　said　that



for　Science　herself　the　heavens　declare　the　glory　of　God　and　the



firmament　showeth　his　handiwork。　　Our　solar　system；　with　its



harmonies；　is　seen　now　as　but　one　passing　case　of　a　certain　sort



of　moving　equilibrium　in　the　heavens；　realized　by　a　local



accident　in　an　appalling　wilderness　of　worlds　where　no　life　can



exist。　In　a　span　of　time　which　as　a　cosmic　interval　will　count



but　as　an　hour；　it　will　have　ceased　to　be。　　The　Darwinian　notion



of　chance　production；　and　subsequent　destruction；　speedy　or



deferred；　applies　to　the　largest　as　well　as　to　the　smallest



facts。　　It　is　impossible；　in　the　present　temper　of　the　scientific



imagination；　to　find　in　the　driftings　of　the　cosmic　atoms；



whether　they　work　on　the　universal　or　on　the　particular　scale；



anything　but　a　kind　of　aimless　weather；　doing　and　undoing；



achieving　no　proper　history；　and　leaving　no　result。　Nature　has　no



one　distinguishable　ultimate　tendency　with　which　it　is　possible



to　feel　a　sympathy。　　In　the　vast　rhythm　of　her　processes；　as　the



scientific　mind　now　follows　them；　she　appears　to　cancel　herself。　



The　books　of　natural　theology　which　satisfied　the　intellects　of



our　grandfathers　seem　to　us　quite　grotesque；＇334＇　representing；



as　they　did；　a　God　who　conformed　the　largest　things　of　nature　to



the　paltriest　of　our　private　wants。　　The　God　whom　science



recognizes　must　be　a　God　of　universal　laws　exclusively；　a　God　who



does　a　wholesale；　not　a　retail　business。　　He　cannot　accommodate



his　processes　to　the　convenience　of　individuals。　　The　bubbles　on



the　foam　which　coats　a　stormy　sea　are　floating　episodes；　made　and



unmade　by　the　forces　of　the　wind　and　water。　　Our　private　selves



are　like　those　bubblesepiphenomena；　as　Clifford；　I　believe；



ingeniously　called　them；　their　destinies　weigh　nothing　and



determine　nothing　in　the　world's　irremediable　currents　of　events。







＇334＇　How　was　it　ever　conceivable；　we　ask；　that　a　man　like



Christian　Wolff；　in　whose　dry…as…dust　head　all　the　learning　of



the　early　eighteenth　century　was　concentrated；　should　have



preserved　such　a　baby…like　faith　in　the　personal　and　human



character　of　Nature　as　to　expound　her　operations　as　he　did　in　his



work　on　the　uses　of　natural　things？　　This；　for　example；　is　the



account　he　gives　of　the　sun　and　its　utility：







〃We　see　that　God　has　created　the　sun　to　keep　the　changeable



conditions　on　the　earth　in　such　an　order　that　living　creatures；



men　and　beasts；　may　inhabit　its　surface。　　Since　men　are　the　most



reasonable　of　creatures；　and　able　to　infer　God's　invisible　being



from　the　contemplation　of　the　world；　the　sun　in　so　far　forth



contributes　to　the　primary　purpose　of　creation：　　without　it　the



race　of　man　could　not　be　preserved　or　continued。　。　。　。　The　sun



makes　daylight；　not　only　on　our　earth；　but　also　on　the　other



planets；　and　daylight　is　of　the　utmost　utility　to　us；　for　by　its



means　we　can　commodiously　carry　on　those　occupations　which　in　the



night…time　would　either　be　quite　impossible。　　Or　at　any　rate



impossible　without　our　going　to　the　expense　of　artificial　light。　



The　beasts　of　the　field　can　find　food　by　day　which　they　would　not



be　able　to　find　at　night。　　Moreover　we　owe　it　to　the　sunlight



that　we　are　able　to　see　everything　that　is　on　the　earth's



surface；　not　only　near　by；　but　also　at　a　distance；　and　to



recognize　both　near　and　far　things　according　to　their　species；



which　again　is　of　manifold　use　to　us　not　only　in　the　business



necessary　to　human　life；　and　when　we　are　traveling；　but　also　for



the　scientific　knowledge　of　Nature；　which　knowledge　for　the　most



part　depends　on　observations　made　with　the　help　of　sight；　and



without　the　sunshine；　would　have　been　impossible。　　If　any　one



would　rightly　impress　on　his　mind　the　great　advantages　which　he



derives　from　the　sun；　let　him　imagine　himself　living　through　only



one　month；　and　see　how　it　would　be　with　all　his　undertakings；　if



it　were　not　day　but　night。　　He　would　then　be　sufficiently



convinced　out　of　his　own　experience；　especially　if　he　had　much



work　to　carry　on　in　the　street　or　in　the　fields。　。　。　。　From　the



sun　we　learn　to　recognize　when　it　is　midday；　and　by　knowing　this



point　of　time　exactly；　we　can　set　our　clocks　right；　on　which



account　astronomy　owes　much　to　the　sun。　。　。　。　By　help　of　the　sun



one　can　find　the　meridian。　。　。　。　But　the　meridian　is　the　basis



of　our　sun…dials；　and　generally　speaking；　we　should　have　no



sun…dials　if　we　had　no　sun。〃　Vernunftige　Gedanken　von　den



Absichter　der　naturlichen　Dinge；　1782。　pp。74…84。







Or　read　the　account　of　God's　beneficence　in　the　institution　of



〃the　great　variety　throughout　the　world　of　men's　faces；　voices；



and　hand…writing；〃　given　in　Derham's　Physico…theology；　a　book



that　had　much　vogue　in　the　eighteenth　century。　　〃Had　Man's　body；〃



says　Dr。　Derham；　〃been　made　according　to　any　of　the　Atheistical



Schemes；　or　any　other　Method　than　that　of　the　infinite　Lord　of



the　World；　this　wise　Variety　would　never　have　been：　　but　Men's



Faces　would　have　been　cast　in　the　same；　or　not　a　very　different



Mould；　their　Organs　of　Speech　would　have　sounded　the　same　or　not



so　great　a　Variety　of　Notes；　and　the　same　Structure　of　Muscles



and　Nerves　would　have　given　the　Hand　the　same　Direction　in



Writing。　　And　in　this　Case　what　Confusion；　what　Disturbance；　what



Mischiefs　would　the　world　eternally　have　lain　under！　　No　Security



could　have　been　to　our　persons；　no　Certainty；　no　Enjoyment　of　our



Possessions；　no　Justice　between　Man　and　Man；　no　Distinction



between　Good　and　Bad；　between　Friends　and　Foes；　between　Father



and　Child；　Husband　and　Wife；　Male　or　Female；　but　all　would　have



been　turned　topsy…turvy；　by　being　exposed　to　the　Malice　of　the



Envious　and　ill…Natured；　to　the　Fraud　and　Violence　of　Knaves　and



Robbers；　to　the　Forgeries　of　the　crafty　Cheat；　to　the　Lusts　of



the　Effeminate　and　Debauched；　and　what　not！　　Our　Courts　of



Justice　can　abundantly　testify　the　dire　Effects　of　Mistaking



Men's　Faces；　of　counterfeiting　their　Hands；　and　forging　Writings。







But　now　as　the　infinitely　wise　Creator　and　Ruler　hath　ordered　the



Matter；　every　man's　Face　can　distinguish　him　in　the　Light；　and



his　Voice　in　the　Dark；　his　Hand…writing　can　speak　for　him　though



absent；　and　be　his　Witness；　and　secure　his　Contracts　in　future



Generations。　　A　manifest　as　well　as　admirable　Indication　of　the



divine　Superintendence　and　Management。〃







A　God　so　careful　as　to　make　provision　even　for　the　unmistakable



signing　of　bank　checks　and　deeds　was　a　deity　truly　after　the



heart　of　eighteenth　century　Anglicanism。







I　subjoin；　omitting　the　capitals；　Derham's　〃Vindication　of　God　by



the　Institution　of　Hills　and　Valleys；〃　and　Wolff's　altogether



culinary　account　of　the　institution　of　Water：







〃The　uses；〃　says　Wolff；　〃which　water　serves　in　human　life　are



plain　to　see　and　need　not　be　described　at　length。　　Water　is　a



universal　drink　of　man　and　beasts。　　Even　though　men　have　made



themselves　drinks　that　are　artificial；　they　could　not　do　this



without　water。　　Beer　is　brewed　of　water　and　malt；　and　it　is　the



water　in　it　which　quenches　thirst。　　Wine　is　prepared　from　grapes；



which　could　never　have　grown　without　the　help　of　water；　and　the



same　is　true　of　those　drinks　which　in　England　and　other　places



they　produce　from　fruit。　。　。　。　Therefore　since　God　so　planned　the



world　that　men　and　beasts　should　live　upon　it　and　find　there



everything　required　for　their　necessity　and　convenience；　he　also



made　water　as　one　means　whereby　to　make　the　earth　into　so



excellent　a　dwelling。　　And　this　is　all　the　more　manifest　when　we



consider　the　advantages　which　we　obtain　from　this　same　water　for



the　cleaning　of　our　household　utensils；　of　our　clothing；　and　of



other　matters。　。　。　。　When　one　goes　into　a　grinding…mill　one　sees



that　the　grindstone　must　always　be　k