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��21�� The universal rule�察 �then�察 �in interpreting Scripture is to accept
nothing as an authoritative Scriptural statement which we do not perceive
very clearly when we examine it in the light of its history。 ��22�� What I
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mean by its history�察�and what should be the chief points elucidated�察�I will
now explain。
��23�� The history of a Scriptural statement comprises ´
��23�� I。 The nature and properties of the language in which the books of
the Bible were written�察 �and in which their authors were�察 �accustomed to
speak。 ��24�� We shall thus be able to investigate every expression by
comparison with common conversational usages。
��25�� Now all the writers both of the Old Testament and the New were
Hebrews�此 �therefore�察 �a knowledge of the Hebrew language is before all
things necessary�察 �not only for the comprehension of the Old Testament�察�
which was written in that tongue�察 �but also of the New�此 �for although the
latter was published in other languages�察�yet its characteristics are Hebrew。
��26�� II。 An analysis of each book and arrangement of its contents under
heads�察�so that we may have at hand the various texts which treat of a given
subject。 ��27�� Lastly�察 �a note of all the passages which are ambiguous or
obscure�察�or which seem mutually contradictory。
��28�� I call passages clear or obscure according as their meaning is
inferred easily or with difficulty in relation to the context�察�not according as
their truth is perceived easily or the reverse by reason。 ��29�� We are at work
not on the truth of passages�察 �but solely on their meaning。 ��30�� We must
take especial care�察�when we are in search of the meaning of a text�察�not to
be led away by our reason in so far as it is founded on principles of natural
knowledge ��to say nothing of prejudices���此 �in order not to confound the
meaning of a passage with its truth�察�we must examine it solely by means
of the signification of the words�察 �or by a reason acknowledging no
foundation but Scripture。
��31�� I will illustrate my meaning by an example。 ��32�� The words of
Moses�察 �God is a fire; and ;God is jealous�察─�are perfectly clear so long as
we regard merely the signification of the words�察 �and I therefore reckon
them
among the clear passages�察�though in relation to reason and truth they
are most obscure�此 �still�察 �although the literal meaning is repugnant to the
natural light of reason�察 �nevertheless�察 �if it cannot be clearly overruled on
grounds and principles derived from its Scriptural ;history�察─�it�察�that is�察�the
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literal meaning�察 �must be the one retained�此 �and contrariwise if these
passages literally interpreted are found to clash with principles derived
from Scripture�察 �though such literal interpretation were in absolute
harmony with reason�察�they must be interpreted in a different manner�察�i。e。
metaphorically。
��33�� If we would know whether Moses believed God to be a fire or not�察�
we must on no account decide the question on grounds of the
reasonableness or the reverse of such an opinion�察�but must judge solely by
the other opinions of Moses which are on record。
��34�� In the present instance�察�as Moses says in several other passages
that God has no likeness to any visible thing�察�whether in heaven or in earth�察�
or in the water�察�either all such passages must be taken metaphorically�察�or
else the one before us must be so explained。 ��35�� However�察�as we should
depart as little as possible from the literal sense�察�we must first ask whether
this text�察 �God is a fire�察 �admits of any but the literal meaning ´ that is�察�
whether the word fire ever means anything besides ordinary natural fire。
��36�� If no such second meaning can be found�察 �the text must be taken
literally�察�however repugnant to reason it may be�此�and all the other passages�察�
though in complete accordance with reason�察�must be brought into harmony
with it。 ��37�� If the verbal expressions would not admit of being thus
harmonized�察 �we should have to set them down as irreconcilable�察 �and
suspend our judgment concerning them。 ��38�� However�察 �as we find the
name fire applied to anger and jealousy ��see Job xxxi��12�� we can thus
easily reconcile the words of Moses�察 �and legitimately conclude that the
two propositions God is a fire�察 �and God is jealous�察 �are in meaning
identical。
��39�� Further�察 �as Moses clearly teaches that God is jealous�察 �and
nowhere states that God is without passions or emotions�察 �we must
evidently infer that Moses held this doctrine himself�察�or at any rate�察�that he
wished to teach it�察 �nor must we refrain because such a belief seems
contrary to reason�此�for as we have shown�察�we cannot wrest the meaning of
texts to suit the dictates of our reason�察�or our preconceived opinions。 ��40��
The whole knowledge of the Bible must be sought solely from itself。
��41�� III。 Lastly�察�such a history should relate the environment of all the
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prophetic books extant�察�that is�察�the life�察�the conduct�察�and the studies of the
author of each book�察�who he was�察�what was the occasion�察�and the epoch of
his writing�察�whom did he write for�察�and in what language。 ��42�� Further�察�it
should inquire into the fate of each book�此�how it was first received�察�into
whose hands it fell�察 �how many different versions there were of it�察 �by
whose advice was it received into the Bible�察�and�察�lastly�察�how all the books
now universally accepted as sacred�察�were united into a single whole。
��43�� All such information should�察�as I have said�察�be contained in the
;history; of Scripture。 ��44�� For�察�in order to know what statements are set
forth as laws�察�and what as moral precepts�察�it is important to be acquainted
with the life�察 �the conduct�察 �and the pursuits of their author�此 �moreover�察 �it
becomes easier to explain a man's writings in proportion as we have more
intimate knowledge of his genius and temperament。
��45�� Further�察 �that we may not confound precepts which are eternal
with those which served only a temporary purpose�察�or were only meant for
a few�察�we should know what was the occasion�察�the time�察�the age�察�in which
each book was written�察�and to what nation it was addressed。��46�� Lastly�察�we
should have knowledge on the other points I have mentioned�察�in order to
be sure�察 �in addition to the authenticity of the work�察 �that it has not been
tampered with by sacrilegious hands�察�or whether errors can have crept in�察�
and�察 �if so�察 �whether they have been corrected by men sufficiently skilled
and worthy of credence。 ��47�� All these things should be known�察�that we
may not be led away by blind impulse to accept whatever is thrust on our
notice�察�instead of only that which is sure and indisputable。
��48�� Now when we are in possession of this history of Scripture�察�and
have finally decided that we assert nothing as prophetic doctrine which
does not directly follow from such history�察 �or which is not clearly
deducible from it�察�then�察�I say�察�it will be time to gird ourselves for the task
of investigating the mind of the prophets and of the Holy Spirit。 ��49�� But
in this further arguing�察 �also�察 �we shall require a method very like that
employed in interpreting nature from her history。 ��50�� As in the
examination of natural phenomena we try first to investigate what is most
universal and common to all nature ´ such�察�for instance�察�as motion and rest�察�
and their laws and rules�察�which nature always observes�察�and through which
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she continually works ´ and then we proceed to what is less universal�察�so�察�
too�察 �in the history of Scripture�察 �we seek first for that which is most
universal�察 �and serves for the basis and foundation of all Scripture�察 �a
doctrine�察�in fact�察�that is commended by all the prophets as eternal and most
profitable to all men。 ��51�� For example�察 �that God is one�察 �and that He is
omnipotent�察�that He alone should be worshipped�察�that He has a care for all
men�察 �and that He especially loves those who adore Him and love their
neighbour as themselves�察 �&c。 ��52�� These and similar doctrines�察�I repeat�察�
Scripture everywhere so clearly and expressly teaches�察 �that no one was
ever in doubt of its meaning concerning them。
��53�� The nature of God�察 �His manner of regarding and providing for
things�察�and similar doctrines�察�Scripture nowhere teaches professedly�察�and
as eternal doctrine�察 �on the contrary�察 �we have shown that the prophets
themselves did not agree on the subject�察�therefore�察�we must not lay down
any doctrine as Scriptural on such subjects�察�though it may appear perfectly
clear on rational grounds。
��54�� From a proper knowledge of this universal doctrine of Scripture�察�
we must then proceed to other doctrines less universal�察 �but which�察�
nevertheless�察�have regard to the general conduct of life�察�and flow from the
universal doctrine like rivulets from a source�察 �such are all particular
external manifestations of true virtue�察 �which need a given occasion for
their exercise�察 �whatever is obscure or ambiguous on such points in
Scripture must be explained and defined by its universal doctrine�察 �with
regard to contradictory instances�察 �we must observe the occasion and the
time in which they were written