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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及6嫗


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     ��21��   The   universal   rule�察  �then�察  �in   interpreting   Scripture   is   to   accept 

nothing as an authoritative Scriptural statement which we do not perceive 

very  clearly   when   we   examine   it   in   the   light   of   its   history。   ��22��   What   I 



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mean by its history�察�and what should be the chief points elucidated�察�I will 

now explain。 

     ��23�� The history of a Scriptural statement comprises ´ 

     ��23�� I。 The nature and properties of the language in which the books of 

the   Bible   were   written�察  �and   in   which   their   authors   were�察  �accustomed   to 

speak。     ��24��   We    shall   thus   be   able   to  investigate    every   expression       by 

comparison with common conversational usages。 

     ��25�� Now all the writers both of the Old Testament and the New were 

Hebrews�此  �therefore�察  �a   knowledge   of   the   Hebrew   language   is   before   all 

things   necessary�察  �not   only   for   the   comprehension   of   the   Old   Testament�察�

which was   written   in   that tongue�察 �but   also of   the  New�此  �for  although the 

latter was published in other languages�察�yet its characteristics are Hebrew。 

     ��26�� II。 An analysis of each book and arrangement of its contents under 

heads�察�so that we may have at hand the various texts which treat of a given 

subject。   ��27��   Lastly�察  �a   note   of   all   the   passages   which   are   ambiguous   or 

obscure�察�or which seem mutually contradictory。 

     ��28��   I   call   passages   clear   or   obscure   according   as   their   meaning   is 

inferred easily or with difficulty in relation to the context�察�not according as 

their truth is perceived easily or the reverse by reason。 ��29�� We are at work 

not   on   the truth   of passages�察 �but   solely  on   their   meaning。  ��30�� We   must 

take especial care�察�when we are in search of the meaning of a text�察�not to 

be led away by our reason in so far as it is founded on principles of natural 

knowledge   ��to   say   nothing   of   prejudices���此  �in   order   not   to   confound   the 

meaning of a passage with its truth�察�we must examine it solely by means 

of    the  signification     of   the   words�察   �or   by   a  reason    acknowledging         no 

foundation but Scripture。 

     ��31��   I   will   illustrate   my   meaning   by  an   example。   ��32�� The   words   of 

Moses�察 �God is a fire; and ;God is jealous�察─�are perfectly clear so long as 

we   regard   merely   the   signification   of   the   words�察  �and   I   therefore   reckon 

them 

     among the clear passages�察�though in relation to reason and truth they 

are   most   obscure�此  �still�察  �although   the   literal   meaning   is   repugnant   to   the 

natural   light   of   reason�察 �nevertheless�察 �if it   cannot   be  clearly  overruled   on 

grounds and principles derived from its Scriptural ;history�察─�it�察�that is�察�the 



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literal   meaning�察     �must    be   the   one    retained�此   �and   contrariwise      if  these 

passages   literally   interpreted   are   found   to   clash   with   principles   derived 

from      Scripture�察    �though     such    literal   interpretation     were     in   absolute 

harmony with reason�察�they must be interpreted in a different manner�察�i。e。 

metaphorically。 

     ��33�� If we would know whether Moses believed God to be a fire or not�察�

we     must     on   no    account     decide     the    question     on    grounds     of   the 

reasonableness or the reverse of such an opinion�察�but must judge solely by 

the other opinions of Moses which are on record。 

     ��34�� In the present instance�察�as Moses says in several other passages 

that God has no likeness to any visible thing�察�whether in heaven or in earth�察�

or in the water�察�either all such passages must be taken metaphorically�察�or 

else the one before us must be so explained。 ��35�� However�察�as we should 

depart as little as possible from the literal sense�察�we must first ask whether 

this   text�察  �God   is   a   fire�察  �admits   of   any   but   the   literal   meaning   ´   that   is�察�

whether the word fire ever means anything besides ordinary natural fire。 

��36��   If   no   such   second   meaning   can   be   found�察  �the   text   must   be   taken 

literally�察�however repugnant to reason it may be�此�and all the other passages�察�

though in complete accordance with reason�察�must be brought into harmony 

with   it。   ��37��   If   the   verbal   expressions   would   not   admit   of   being   thus 

harmonized�察       �we   should    have    to  set  them   down      as   irreconcilable�察    �and 

suspend   our   judgment   concerning   them。   ��38��   However�察  �as   we   find   the 

name   fire   applied   to   anger   and   jealousy   ��see   Job   xxxi��12��   we   can   thus 

easily   reconcile   the   words   of   Moses�察  �and   legitimately   conclude   that   the 

two     propositions     God     is  a  fire�察 �and   God     is  jealous�察  �are   in  meaning 

identical。 

     ��39��    Further�察   �as   Moses     clearly    teaches     that  God     is  jealous�察   �and 

nowhere       states   that   God    is   without    passions     or   emotions�察    �we    must 

evidently infer that Moses held this doctrine himself�察�or at any rate�察�that he 

wished      to  teach   it�察 �nor   must   we    refrain   because     such    a  belief   seems 

contrary to reason�此�for as we have shown�察�we cannot wrest the meaning of 

texts to suit the dictates of our reason�察�or our preconceived opinions。 ��40�� 

The whole knowledge of the Bible must be sought solely from itself。 

     ��41�� III。 Lastly�察�such a history should relate the environment of all the 



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prophetic books extant�察�that is�察�the life�察�the conduct�察�and the studies of the 

author of each book�察�who he was�察�what was the occasion�察�and the epoch of 

his writing�察�whom did he write for�察�and in what language。 ��42�� Further�察�it 

should inquire into the fate of each book�此�how it was first received�察�into 

whose   hands   it   fell�察  �how   many   different   versions   there   were   of   it�察  �by 

whose advice was it received into the Bible�察�and�察�lastly�察�how all the books 

now universally accepted as sacred�察�were united into a single whole。 

     ��43�� All such information should�察�as I have said�察�be contained in the 

;history; of Scripture。 ��44�� For�察�in order to know what statements are set 

forth as laws�察�and what as moral precepts�察�it is important to be acquainted 

with   the   life�察  �the   conduct�察  �and   the   pursuits   of   their   author�此  �moreover�察  �it 

becomes easier to explain a man's writings in proportion as we have more 

intimate knowledge of his genius and temperament。 

     ��45��   Further�察  �that   we   may   not   confound   precepts   which   are   eternal 

with those which served only a temporary purpose�察�or were only meant for 

a few�察�we should know what was the occasion�察�the time�察�the age�察�in which 

each book was written�察�and to what nation it was addressed。��46�� Lastly�察�we 

should have knowledge on the other points I have mentioned�察�in order to 

be   sure�察 �in   addition   to   the   authenticity   of   the   work�察  �that   it   has   not   been 

tampered with by sacrilegious hands�察�or whether errors can have crept in�察�

and�察 �if   so�察 �whether   they  have   been   corrected  by  men   sufficiently  skilled 

and worthy of credence。 ��47�� All these things should be known�察�that we 

may not be led away by blind impulse to accept whatever is thrust on our 

notice�察�instead of only that which is sure and indisputable。 

     ��48�� Now when we are in possession of this history of Scripture�察�and 

have   finally   decided   that   we   assert   nothing   as   prophetic   doctrine   which 

does     not   directly   follow     from    such    history�察  �or   which    is  not   clearly 

deducible from it�察�then�察�I say�察�it will be time to gird ourselves for the task 

of investigating the mind of the prophets and of the Holy Spirit。 ��49�� But 

in   this   further   arguing�察  �also�察  �we   shall   require   a   method   very   like   that 

employed        in   interpreting     nature    from     her   history。    ��50��   As    in   the 

examination of natural phenomena we try first to investigate what is most 

universal and common to all nature ´ such�察�for instance�察�as motion and rest�察�

and their laws and rules�察�which nature always observes�察�and through which 



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she continually works ´ and then we proceed to what is less universal�察�so�察�

too�察   �in  the   history   of   Scripture�察   �we    seek   first  for   that  which     is  most 

universal�察     �and   serves    for  the   basis   and    foundation      of  all  Scripture�察    �a 

doctrine�察�in fact�察�that is commended by all the prophets as eternal and most 

profitable to   all   men。  ��51��   For   example�察 �that  God   is   one�察 �and that   He   is 

omnipotent�察�that He alone should be worshipped�察�that He has a care for all 

men�察  �and   that   He   especially   loves   those   who   adore   Him   and   love   their 

neighbour as themselves�察 �&c。 ��52�� These and similar  doctrines�察�I  repeat�察�

Scripture   everywhere   so   clearly   and   expressly   teaches�察  �that   no   one   was 

ever in doubt of its meaning concerning them。 

     ��53��   The   nature   of   God�察  �His   manner   of   regarding   and   providing   for 

things�察�and similar doctrines�察�Scripture nowhere teaches professedly�察�and 

as   eternal   doctrine�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �we   have   shown   that   the   prophets 

themselves did not agree on the subject�察�therefore�察�we must not lay down 

any doctrine as Scriptural on such subjects�察�though it may appear perfectly 

clear on rational grounds。 

     ��54�� From a proper knowledge of this universal doctrine of Scripture�察�

we     must    then    proceed     to   other   doctrines     less   universal�察    �but   which�察�

nevertheless�察�have regard to the general conduct of life�察�and flow from the 

universal      doctrine    like   rivulets    from    a  source�察   �such    are   all  particular 

external   manifestations   of   true   virtue�察  �which   need   a   given   occasion   for 

their    exercise�察    �whatever     is   obscure     or  ambiguous        on   such    points    in 

Scripture   must   be   explained   and   defined   by   its   universal   doctrine�察  �with 

regard   to   contradictory  instances�察  �we   must   observe the   occasion   and   the 

time   in   which   they   were   written

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