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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及4嫗


梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




interested in their happening in a given way。 

     ��93��   Thus   men   relate   in   chronicles   and   histories   their   own   opinions 

rather than actual events�察�so that one and the same event is so differently 

related by two men of different opinions�察�that it seems like two separate 

occurrences�察  �and�察  �further�察  �it   is   very   easy   from   historical   chronicles   to 

gather the personal opinions of the historian。 

     ��94�� I could cite many instances in proof of this from the writings both 

of natural philosophers and historians�察�but I will content myself with one 

only from Scripture�察�and leave the reader to judge of the rest。 

     ��95�� In the time of Joshua the Hebrews held the ordinary opinion that 

the sun moves with a daily motion�察�and that the earth remains at rest�察�to 

this preconceived opinion they adapted the miracle which occurred during 

their battle with the five kings。 ��96�� They did not simply relate that that 

day was longer than usual�察�but asserted that the sun and moon stood still�察�



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or ceased from their motion ´ a statement which would be of great service 

to   them   at   that  time    in  convincing   and      proving     by   experience     to  the 

Gentiles�察�who worshipped the sun�察�that the sun was under the control of 

another deity who could compel it to change its daily course。 ��97�� Thus�察�

partly   through   religious   motives�察  �partly   through   preconceived   opinions�察�

they conceived of and related the occurrence as something quite different 

from what really happened。 

     ��98�� Thus in order to interpret the Scriptural miracles and understand 

from  the   narration   of   them   how   they  really   happened�察  �it   is   necessary   to 

know the opinions of those who first related them�察�and have recorded them 

for    us  in   writing�察   �and   to   distinguish     such   opinions     from    the   actual 

impression made upon their senses�察�otherwise we shall confound opinions 

and judgments with the actual miracle as it really occurred�此�nay�察�further�察�

we shall confound actual events with symbolical and imaginary ones。 ��99�� 

For many things are narrated in Scripture as real�察�and were believed to be 

real�察  �which   were   in   fact   only   symbolical   and   imaginary。   ��100��   As�察  �for 

instance�察  �that   God   came   down   from   heaven   ��Exod。   xix��28�察  �Deut。   v��28���察�

and that Mount Sinai smoked because God descended upon it surrounded 

with   fire�察�or�察  �again that   Elijah   ascended into   heaven   in   a   chariot of   fire�察�

with     horses    of  fire�察 �all  these    things   were     assuredly    merely     symbols 

adapted to the opinions of those who have handed them down to us as they 

were     represented      to  them�察   �namely�察    �as  real。   ��101��   All   who    have    any 

education know that God has no right hand nor left�察�that He is not moved 

nor at rest�察�nor in a particular place�察�but that He is absolutely infinite and 

contains in Himself all perfections。 

     ��102�� These things�察�I repeat�察�are known to whoever judges of things by 

the   perception   of   pure   reason�察  �and   not   according   as   his   imagination   is 

affected by his outward senses。 ��103�� Following the example of the masses 

who   imagine   a   bodily  Deity�察  �holding   a   royal   court   with   a   throne   on   the 

convexity of heaven�察�above the stars�察�which are believed to be not very�察�far 

off from the earth。 

     ��104�� To these and similar opinions very many narrations in Scripture 

are   adapted�察  �and   should   not�察  �therefore�察  �be   mistaken   by   philosophers   for 

realities。 



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     ��105��   Lastly�察  �in   order   to   understand�察  �in   the   case   of   miracles�察  �what 

actually   took   place�察  �we   ought   to   be   familiar   with   Jewish   phrases   and 

metaphors�察      �anyone     who     did   not   make    sufficient    allowance      for   these�察�

would   be   continually   seeing   miracles   in   Scripture   where   nothing   of   the 

kind is intended by the writer�察�he would thus miss the knowledge not only 

of what actually happened�察�but also of the mind of the writers of the sacred 

text。 ��106�� For instance�察�Zechariah speaking of some future war says ��chap。 

xiv��7���此 �It shall be one day which shall be known to the Lord�察�not day�察�nor 

night�察�but at even time it shall be light。; In these words he seems to predict 

a   great   miracle�察  �yet   he   only   means   that   the   battle   will   be   doubtful   the 

whole   day�察  �that   the   issue   will   be   known   only   to   God�察  �but   that   in   the 

evening they will gain the victory�此�the prophets frequently used to predict 

victories and defeats of the nations in similar phrases。 ��107�� Thus Isaiah�察�

describing   the   destruction   of   Babylon�察  �says   ��chap。   xiii。���此   �The   stars   of 

heaven�察 �and   the  constellations   thereof�察 �shall   not   give   their light�察  �the  sun 

shall be darkened in his going forth�察�and the moon shall not cause her light 

to shine。; ��108�� Now I suppose no one imagines that at the destruction of 

Babylon these phenomena actually occurred any more than that which the 

prophet   adds�察   �For   I   will   make   the   heavens   to   tremble�察  �and   remove   the 

earth out of her place。; 

     ��109�� So�察�too�察�Isaiah in foretelling to the Jews that they would return 

from Babylon to Jerusalem in safety�察�and would not suffer from thirst on 

their journey�察�says�此 �And they thirsted not when He led them through the 

deserts�察�He caused the waters to flow out of the rocks for them�察�He clave 

the   rocks�察  �and   the   waters   gushed   out。;   ��110��   These   words   merely   mean 

that the Jews�察�like other people�察�found springs in the desert�察�at which they 

quenched   their   thirst�察  �for   when   the   Jews   returned   to   Jerusalem   with   the 

consent of Cyrus�察�it is admitted that no similar miracles befell them。 

     ��111��   In   this   way   many   occurrences   in   the   Bible   are   to   be   regarded 

merely as Jewish expressions。 ��112�� There is no need for me to go through 

them in detail�察�but I will call attention generally to the fact that the Jews 

employed such phrases not only rhetorically�察�but also�察�and indeed chiefly�察�

from devotional motives。 ��113�� Such is the reason for the substitution of 

;bless God; for ;curse God; in 1 Kings xxi��10�察�and Job ii��9�察�and for all 



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things   being   referred   to   God�察  �whence  it   appears   that   the   Bible   seems   to 

relate   nothing   but   miracles�察  �even   when   speaking   of   the   most   ordinary 

occurrences�察�as in the examples given above。 

     ��114�� Hence we must believe that when the Bible says that the Lord 

hardened Pharaoh's heart�察�it only means that Pharaoh was obstinate�察�when 

it   says   that   God   opened   the   windows   of   heaven�察  �it   only   means   that   it 

rained very hard�察�and so on。 ��115�� When we reflect on these peculiarities�察�

and   also   on   the   fact   that   most   things   are   related   very  shortly�察  �with   very 

little details and almost in abridgments�察�we shall see that there is hardly 

anything   in   Scripture   which   can   be   proved   contrary   to   natural   reason�察�

while�察�on the other hand�察�many things which before seemed obscure�察�will 

after a little consideration be understood and easily explained。 

     ��116�� I think I have now very clearly explained all that I proposed to 

explain�察�but before I finish this chapter I would call attention to the fact 

that   I   have   adopted   a   different   method   in   speaking   of   miracles   to   that 

which   I    employed      in  treating    of  prophecy。     ��117��    Of   prophecy   I    have 

asserted   nothing   which   could   not   be   inferred   from   promises   revealed   in 

Scripture�察�whereas in this chapter I have deduced my conclusions solely 

from the principles ascertained by the natural light of reason。 ��118�� I have 

proceeded in this way advisedly�察�for prophecy�察�in that it surpasses human 

knowledge�察�is a purely theological question�察�therefore�察�I knew that I could 

not   make   any   assertions   about   it�察  �nor   learn   wherein   it   consists�察  �except 

through deductions from premises that have been revealed�察�therefore I was 

compelled to collate the history of prophecy�察�and to draw therefrom certain 

conclusions which would teach me�察�in so far as such teaching is possible�察�

the nature and properties of the gift。 ��119�� But in the case of miracles�察�as 

our inquiry is a question purely philosophical ��namely�察�whether anything 

can happen which contravenes or does not follow from the laws of nature���察�

I was not under any such necessity�此�I therefore thought it wiser to unravel 

the    difficulty   through     premises     ascertained     and   thoroughly      known      by 

could also easily have solved the problem merely from the doctrines and 

fundamental         principles     of   Scripture�此    �in   order     that   everyone       may 

acknowledge this�察�I will briefly show how it could be done。 

     ��120��   Scripture   makes   the   general   assertion   in   several   passages   that 



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nature's     course    is  fixed   and   unchangeable。       ��121��    In  Ps。   cxlviii��6�察  �for 

instance�察    �and   Jer。  xxxi��35。     ��122��   The    wise   man    also�察  �in  Eccles。    i��10�察�

distinctly teaches that ;there is nothing new under the sun�察─�and in verses 

11�察   �12�察  �illustrating    the   same    idea�察  �he   adds    that   although     something 

occasionally happens which seems new�察�it is not really new�察�but ;hath been 

already      of   old   time�察   �which     was     before    us�察  �whereof      there    is   no 

remembrance�察�neither shall there be any remembrance of things that are to 

come   with   those   that   come   after。;   ��123�� Again   in   chap。   iii��11�察  �he   says�察�

;God      hath   made     everything      beautiful    in  his   time�察─  �and    immediately 

afterwards adds�察 �I know that whatsoever God doeth�察�it shall be for ever�察�

nothing can be put to it�察�nor anything taken from it。; 

     ��124�� Now all these texts teach most distinctly that nature preserves a 

fixed    and    unchangeable       order�察  �and    that  God    in   all  ages�察  �known     and 

unknown�察�has been the same�察�further�察�that the laws of nature are so perfect�察�

that   nothing   can   be   added   thereto   nor

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