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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及19嫗


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by the Pharisees�察�so far as I am aware�察�and�察�although certain myths in the 

fourth book of Ezra are repeated in the Talmud�察�they must not be set down 

to the Pharisees�察�for all but the most ignorant admit that they have been 

added   by   some   trifler�此  �in   fact�察  �I   think�察  �someone   must   have   made   such 

additions with a view to casting ridicule on all the traditions of the sect。 

     ��60��  Perhaps   these   four  books   were   written   out   and   published   at   the 

time     I  have   mentioned       with   a  view     to  showing      the  people     that  the 

prophecies of Daniel had been fulfilled�察�and thus kindling their piety�察�and 

awakening a hope of future deliverance in the midst of their misfortunes。 

��61�� In spite of their recent origin�察�the books before us contain many errors�察�

due�察�I suppose�察�to the haste with which they were written。 ��62�� Marginal 

readings�察�such as I have mentioned in the last chapter�察�are found here as 

elsewhere�察  �and   in   even   greater   abundance�察  �there   are�察  �moreover�察  �certain 



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passages which can only be accounted for by supposing some such cause 

as hurry。 

     ��63�� However�察�before calling attention to the marginal readings�察�I will 

remark   that�察  �if   the   Pharisees   are   right   in   supposing   them   to   have   been 

ancient�察�and the work of the original scribes�察�we must perforce admit that 

these scribes   ��if   there were   more   than one��   set them down because   they 

found that the text from which they were copying was inaccurate�察�and did 

yet    not   venture    to   alter   what    was    written    by   their   predecessors      and 

superiors。   ��64��   I   need   not   again   go   into   the   subject   at   length�察  �and   will�察�

therefore�察    �proceed      to  mention      some    discrepancies       not   noticed    in   the 

margin。 

     ��65�� I。 Some error has crept into the text of the second chapter of Ezra�察�

for in verse 64 we are told that the total of all those mentioned in the rest 

of the chapter amounts to 42��360�察�but�察�when we come to add up the several 

items we get as result only 29��818。 ��66�� There must�察�therefore�察�be an error�察�

either in the total�察�or in the details。 ��67�� The total is probably correct�察�for it 

would most likely be well known to all as a noteworthy thing�察�but with the 

details�察�the case would be different。 ��68�� If�察�then�察�any error had crept into 

the total�察�it would at once have been remarked�察�and easily corrected。 ��69�� 

This   view   is   confirmed   by  Nehemiah   vii。�察  �where   this   chapter   of   Ezra   is 

mentioned�察  �and   a   total   is   given   in   plain   correspondence   thereto�察  �but   the 

details are altogether different ´ some are larger�察�and some less�察�than those 

in   Ezra�察  �and   altogether   they   amount   to   31��089。   ��70��   We   may�察  �therefore�察�

conclude   that   both   in   Ezra   and   in   Nehemiah   the   details   are   erroneously 

given。   ��71��   The   commentators   who   attempt   to   harmonize   these   evident 

contradictions   draw  on  their   imagination�察 �each   to   the  best of   his   ability�察�

and while professing adoration for each letter and word of Scripture�察�only 

succeed in holding up the sacred writers to ridicule�察�as though they knew 

not   how   to   write   or   relate   a   plain   narrative。   ��72��   Such   persons   effect 

nothing but to render the clearness of Scripture obscure。 ��73�� If the Bible 

could   everywhere   be   interpreted   after   their   fashion�察  �there   would   be   no 

such thing as a rational statement of which the meaning could be relied on。 

��74��    However�察      �there   is  no   need    to   dwell    on   the  subject�察   �only    I  am 

convinced that if any historian were to attempt to imitate the proceedings 



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freely attributed to the writers of the Bible�察�the commentators would cover 

him   with   contempt。   ��75��   If   it   be   blasphemy   to   assert   that   there   are   any 

errors   in   Scripture�察  �what   name   shall   we   apply   to   those   who   foist   into   it 

their own fancies�察�who degrade the sacred writers till they seem to write 

confused nonsense�察�and who deny the plainest and most evident meanings�拭�

��76�� What in the whole Bible can be plainer than the fact that Ezra and his 

companions�察  �in   the   second   chapter   of   the   book   attributed   to   him�察  �have 

given in detail the reckoning of all the Hebrews who set out with them for 

Jerusalem�拭。�77�� This is proved by the reckoning being given�察�not only of 

those who told their lineage�察�but also of those who were unable to do so。 

��78��   Is   it   not   equally   clear   from   Nehemiah   vii��5�察  �that   the   writer   merely 

there   copies   the   list   given   in   Ezra�拭  。�79��   Those�察  �therefore�察  �who   explain 

these pas sages otherwise�察�deny the plain meaning of Scripture ´ nay�察�they 

deny Scripture itself。 ��80�� They think it pious to reconcile one passage of 

Scripture with another ´ a pretty piety�察�forsooth�察�which accommodates the 

clear   passages   to   the   obscure�察  �the   correct   to   the   faulty�察  �the   sound   to   the 

corrupt。 

     ��81�� Far be it from me to call such commentators blasphemers�察�if their 

motives be pure�此�for to err is human。 But I return to my subject。 

     ��82�� Besides these errors in numerical details�察�there are others in the 

genealogies�察  �in   the   history�察  �and�察  �I   fear   also   in   the   prophecies。   ��83��   The 

prophecy of Jeremiah ��chap。 xxii。���察�concerning Jechoniah�察�evidently does 

not agree with his history�察�as given in I Chronicles iii��17´19�察�and especially 

with the last words of the chapter�察�nor do I see how the prophecy�察 �thou 

shalt die in peace�察─�can be applied to Zedekiah�察�whose eyes were dug out 

after   his   sons   had   been   slain   before   him。   ��84��   If   prophecies   are   to   be 

interpreted   by   their   issue�察  �we   must   make   a   change   of   name�察  �and   read 

Jechoniah for Zedekiah�察�and vice versa ��85�� This�察�however�察�would be too 

paradoxical   a   proceeding�察  �so   I   prefer   to   leave   the   matter   unexplained�察�

especially as the error�察�if error there be�察�must be set down to the historian�察�

and not to any fault in the authorities。 

     ��86�� Other difficulties I will not touch upon�察�as I should only weary the 

reader�察�and�察�moreover�察�be repeating the remarks of other writers。 ��87�� For 

R。 Selomo�察�in face of the manifest contradiction in the above´mentioned 



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genealogies�察      �is  compelled       to  break    forth   into   these    words     ��see   his 

commentary on 1 Chron。 viii。���此 �Ezra ��whom he supposes to be the author 

of the book of Chronicles�� gives different names and a different genealogy 

to   the   sons   of   Benjamin      from    those   which     we   find   in   Genesis�察   �and 

describes most   of the Levites   differently  from Joshua�察 �because he   found 

original discrepancies。; ��88�� And�察�again�察�a little later�此 �The genealogy of 

Gibeon   and   others   is   described   twice   in   different   ways�察  �from   different 

tables   of   each   genealogy�察  �and   in   writing   them   down   Ezra   adopted   the 

version   given   in   the   majority   of   the   texts�察  �and   when   the   authority   was 

equal he gave both。; ��89�� Thus granting that these books were compiled 

from sources originally incorrect and uncertain。 

     ��90��   In   fact   the   commentators�察  �in   seeking   to   harmonize   difficulties�察�

generally   do   no   more   than   indicate   their   causes�此  �for   I   suppose   no   sane 

person   supposes   that       the   sacred   historians   deliberately   wrote   with       the 

object of appearing to contradict themselves freely。 ��91�� Perhaps I shall be 

told that I am overthrowing the authority of Scripture�察�for that�察�according 

to me�察�anyone may suspect it of error in any passage�察�but�察�on the contrary�察�

I have shown that my object has been to prevent the clear and uncorrupted 

passages being accommodated to and corrupted by the faulty ones�察�neither 

does the fact that some passages are corrupt warrant us in suspecting all。 

��92�� No book ever was completely free from faults�察�yet I would ask�察�who 

suspects all books to be everywhere faulty�拭。�93�� Surely no one�察�especially 

when the phraseology is clear and the intention of the author plain。 

     ��94�� I have now finished the task I set myself with respect to the books 

of the Old Testament。 ��95�� We may easily conclude from  what has been 

said�察�that before the time of the Maccabees there was no canon of sacred 

books�察。�Endnote 23�В察�but that those which we now possess were selected 

from a multitude of others at the period of the restoration of the Temple by 

the Pharisees ��who also instituted the set form of prayers���察�who are alone 

responsible       for   their   acceptance。      ��96��   Those�察    �therefore�察   �who     would 

demonstrate        the  authority     of  Holy    Scripture�察    �are  bound     to  show     the 

authority of each separate book�察�it is not enough to prove the Divine origin 

of a single book in order to infer the Divine origin of the rest。 ��97�� In that 

case   we   should   have   to   assume   that   the   council   of   Pharisees   was�察  �in   its 



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choice of books�察�infallible�察�and this could never be proved。 ��98�� I am led to 

assert   that   the   Pharisees   alone   selected   the   books   of   the   Old   Testament�察�

and    inserted    them    in   the  canon�察   �from    the   fact  that   in  Daniel    ii。  is 

proclaimed the doctrine of the Resurrection�察�which the Sadducees denied�察�

and�察�furthermore�察�the Pharisees plainly assert   in the Talmud that they  so 

selected them。 ��99�� For in the treatise of Sabbathus�察�chapter ii。�察�folio 30�察�

page 2�察�it is written�此�R。 Jehuda�察�surnamed Rabbi�察�reports that the experts 

wished   to   conceal   the   book   of   Ecclesiastes   because   they   found   therein 

words opposed to the law ��that is�察�to the book of the law of Moses��。 ��100�� 

Why did they not hide it�拭。�101�� Because it begins in accordance with the 

law�察�and ends according to the law�察─�and a little further on we read�此 �They 

sought     also   to  conceal    the  book    of  Proverbs。;     ��102��   And    in   the  first 

chapter   of   the   same   treatise�察  �fol。  13�察  �page   2�此   �Verily�察  �name   one   man   for 

good�察�even he who was called Neghunja�察�t

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