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the essays of montaigne, v2-及2嫗

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it met with none but unarmed persons�察�old men�察�women�察�and children�察�of
them to carry away to the number of thirty thousand slaves。




CHAPTER II

OF SORROW

No man living is more free from this passion than I�察�who yet neither like
it in myself nor admire it in others�察�and yet generally the world�察�as a
settled thing�察�is pleased to grace it with a particular esteem�察�clothing
therewith wisdom�察�virtue�察�and conscience。  Foolish and sordid guise��
�А�No man is more free from this passion than I�察�for I neither love nor
regard it�此�albeit the world hath undertaken�察�as it were upon covenant�察�to
grace it with a particular favour。  Therewith they adorne age�察�vertue��
and conscience。  Oh foolish and base ornament� ─ �Florio�察�1613�察�p。 3��
The Italians have more fitly baptized by this name ��La tristezza��
malignity�察�for 'tis a quality always hurtful�察�always idle and vain�察�and
as being cowardly�察�mean�察�and base�察�it is by the Stoics expressly and
particularly forbidden to their sages。

But the story ��Herodotus�察�iii。  14。�А�says that Psammenitus�察�King of
Egypt�察�being defeated and taken prisoner by Cambyses�察�King of Persia��
seeing his own daughter pass by him as prisoner�察�and in a wretched habit��
with a bucket to draw water�察�though his friends about him were so
concerned as to break out into tears and lamentations�察�yet he himself
remained unmoved�察�without uttering a word�察�his eyes fixed upon the
ground�察�and seeing�察�moreover�察�his son immediately after led to execution��
still maintained the same countenance�察�till spying at last one of his
domestic and familiar friends dragged away amongst the captives�察�he fell
to tearing his hair and beating his breast�察�with all the other
extravagances of extreme sorrow。

A story that may very fitly be coupled with another of the same kind�察�of
recent date�察�of a prince of our own nation�察�who being at Trent�察�and
having news there brought him of the death of his elder brother�察�a
brother on whom depended the whole support and honour of his house�察�and
soon after of that of a younger brother�察�the second hope of his family��
and having withstood these two assaults with an exemplary resolution�察�one
of his servants happening a few days after to die�察�he suffered his
constancy to be overcome by this last accident�察�and�察�parting with his
courage�察�so abandoned himself to sorrow and mourning�察�that some thence
were forward to conclude that he was only touched to the quick by this
last stroke of fortune�察�but�察�in truth�察�it was�察�that being before brimful
of grief�察�the least addition overflowed the bounds of all patience。
Which�察�I think�察�might also be said of the former example�察�did not the
story proceed to tell us that Cambyses asking Psammenitus�察 �Why�察�not
being moved at the calamity of his son and daughter�察�he should with so
great impatience bear the misfortune of his friend�拭─  �It is�察─�answered
he�察 �because only this last affliction was to be manifested by tears�察�the
two first far exceeding all manner of expression。;

And�察�peradventure�察�something like this might be working in the fancy of
the ancient painter�撮�Cicero�察�De Orator。�察�c。 22 �察�Pliny�察�xxxv。 10。��
who having�察�in the sacrifice of Iphigenia�察�to represent the sorrow of the
assistants proportionably to the several degrees of interest every one
had in the death of this fair innocent virgin�察�and having�察�in the other
figures�察�laid out the utmost power of his art�察�when he came to that of
her father�察�he drew him with a veil over his face�察�meaning thereby that
no kind of countenance was capable of expressing such a degree of sorrow。
Which is also the reason why the poets feign the miserable mother�察�Niobe��
having first lost seven sons�察�and then afterwards as many daughters
��overwhelmed with her losses���察�to have been at last transformed into a
rock

               ;Diriguisse malis�察�

     �А�Petrified with her misfortunes。;Ovid�察�Met。�察�vi。 304。��

thereby to express that melancholic�察�dumb�察�and deaf stupefaction�察�which
benumbs all our faculties�察�when oppressed with accidents greater than we
are able to bear。  And�察�indeed�察�the violence and impression of an
excessive grief must of necessity astonish the soul�察�and wholly deprive
her of her ordinary functions�此�as it happens to every one of us�察�who��
upon any sudden alarm of very ill news�察�find ourselves surprised��
stupefied�察�and in a manner deprived of all power of motion�察�so that the
soul�察�beginning to vent itself in tears and lamentations�察�seems to free
and disengage itself from the sudden oppression�察�and to have obtained
some room to work itself out at greater liberty。

          ;Et via vix tandem voci laxata dolore est。;

     �А�And at length and with difficulty is a passage opened by grief for
     utterance。;AEneid�察�xi。 151。��

In the war that Ferdinand made upon the widow of King John of Hungary��
about Buda�察�a man´at´arms was particularly taken notice of by every one
for his singular gallant behaviour in a certain encounter�察�and�察�unknown��
highly commended�察�and lamented�察�being left dead upon the place�此�but by
none so much as by Raisciac�察�a German lord�察�who was infinitely enamoured
of so rare a valour。  The body being brought off�察�and the count�察�with the
common curiosity coming to view it�察�the armour was no sooner taken off
but he immediately knew him to be his own son�察�a thing that added a
second blow to the compassion of all the beholders�察�only he�察�without
uttering a word�察�or turning away his eyes from the woeful object�察�stood
fixedly contemplating the body of his son�察�till the vehemency of sorrow
having overcome his vital spirits�察�made him sink down stone´dead to the
ground。

          ;Chi puo dir com' egli arde�察�a in picciol fuoco�察�

     �А�He who can say how he burns with love�察�has little fire;
     Petrarca�察�Sonetto 137。��

say the Innamoratos�察�when they would represent an 'insupportable passion。

                         ;Misero quod omneis
               Eripit sensus mihi�此�nam simul te��
               Lesbia�察�aspexi�察�nihil est super mi��
                         Quod loquar amens。
               Lingua sed torpet�此�tenuis sub artus
               Flamma dimanat�察�sonitu suopte
               Tintinant aures�察�gemina teguntur
                         Lumina nocte。;

     �А�Love deprives me of all my faculties�此�Lesbia�察�when once in thy
     presence�察�I have not left the power to tell my distracting passion��
     my tongue becomes torpid�察�a subtle flame creeps through my veins�察�my
     ears tingle in deafness�察�my eyes are veiled with darkness。;
     Catullus�察�Epig。 li。 5��

Neither is it in the height and greatest fury of the fit that we are in a
condition to pour out our complaints or our amorous persuasions�察�the soul
being at that time over´burdened�察�and labouring with profound thoughts��
and the body dejected and languishing with desire�察�and thence it is that
sometimes proceed those accidental impotencies that so unseasonably
surprise the lover�察�and that frigidity which by the force of an
immoderate ardour seizes him even in the very lap of fruition。
��The edition of 1588 has here�察 �An accident not unknown to myself。;��
For all passions that suffer themselves to be relished and digested are
but moderate��

               ;Curae leves loquuntur�察�ingentes stupent。;

     �А�Light griefs can speak�此�deep sorrows are dumb。;
     Seneca�察�Hippolytus�察�act ii。 scene 3。��

A surprise of unexpected joy does likewise often produce the same effect��

               ;Ut me conspexit venientem�察�et Troja circum
               Arma amens vidit�察�magnis exterrita monstris��
               Diriguit visu in medio�察�calor ossa reliquit��
               Labitur�察�et longo vix tandem tempore fatur。;

     �А�When she beheld me advancing�察�and saw�察�with stupefaction�察�the
     Trojan arms around me�察�terrified with so great a prodigy�察�she
     fainted away at the very sight�此�vital warmth forsook her limbs�此�she
     sinks down�察�and�察�after a long interval�察�with difficulty speaks。;´
     AEneid�察�iii。 306。��

Besides the examples of the Roman lady�察�who died for joy to see her son
safe returned from the defeat of Cannae�察�and of Sophocles and of
Dionysius the Tyrant�察。�Pliny�察�vii。  53。  Diodorus Siculus�察�however ��xv。
c。 20���察�tells us that Dionysius ;was so overjoyed at the news that he
made a great sacrifice upon it to the gods�察�prepared sumptuous feasts�察�to
which he invited all his friends�察�and therein drank so excessively that
it threw him into a very bad distemper。;��who died of joy�察�and of
Thalna�察�who died in Corsica�察�reading news of the honours the Roman Senate
had decreed in his favour�察�we have�察�moreover�察�one in our time�察�of Pope
Leo X。�察�who upon news of the taking of Milan�察�a thing he had so ardently
desired�察�was rapt with so sudden an excess of joy that he immediately
fell into a fever and died。 ��Guicciardini�察�Storia d'Italia�察�vol。
xiv。�А�And for a more notable testimony of the imbecility of human
nature�察�it is recorded by the ancients ��Pliny�察�'ut supra'�А�that
Diodorus the dialectician died upon the spot�察�out of an extreme passion
of shame�察�for not having been able in his own school�察�and in the presence
of a great auditory�察�to disengage himself from a nice argument that was
propounded to him。  I�察�for my part�察�am very little subject to these
violent passions�察�I am naturally of a stubborn apprehension�察�which also��
by reasoning�察�I every day harden and fortify。




CHAPTER III

THAT OUR AFFECTIONS CARRY THEMSELVES BEYOND US

Such as accuse mankind of the folly of gaping after future things�察�and
advise us to make our benefit of those which are present�察�and to set up
our rest upon them�察�as having no grasp upon that which is to come�察�even
less than that which we have upon what is past�察�have hit upon the most
universal of human errors�察�if that may be called an error to which nature
herself has disposed us�察�in order to the continuation of her own work��
prepossessing us�察�amongst several others�察�with this deceiving
imagination�察�as being more jealous of our action than afraid of our
knowledge。

We are never present with�察�but always beyond ourselves�此�fear�察�desire��
hope�察�still push us on towards the future�察�depriving us�察�in the meantime��
of the sense and consideration of that which is to amuse us with the
thought of what shall be�察�even when we shall be no more。 ��Rousseau��
Emile�察�livre ii。��

          ;Calamitosus est animus futuri auxius。;

     �А�The mind anxious about the future is unhappy。;
     Seneca�察�Epist。�察�98。��

We find this great precept often repeated in Plato�察 �Do thine own work��
and know thyself。;  Of which two parts�察�both the one and the other
generally�察�comprehend our whole duty�察�and do each of them in like manner
involve the other�察�for who will do his own work aright will find that his
first lesson is to know what he is�察�and that which is proper to himself��
and who rightly understands himself will never mistake another man's work
for his own�察�but will love and improve himself above all other things��
will refuse superfluous employments�察�and reject all unprofitable thoughts
and propositions。  As folly�察�on the one side�察�though it should enjoy all
it desire�察�would notwithstanding never be content�察�so�察�on the other��
wisdom�察�acquiescing in the present�察�is never dissatisfied with itself。
��Cicero�察�Tus

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