the origins of contemporary france-1-第96章
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horse and foot guards behind them; the commissary and policeman; there
would be no limits to their disorder。 The populace; delivered from its
customary restraint; would give itself up to violence of so cruel a
stamp as not to know when to stop。 。 。 As long as white bread
lasts;'51' the commotion will not prove general; the flour market'52'
must interest itself in the matter; if the women are to remain
tranquil。 。 。 Should white bread be wanting for two market days in
succession; the uprising would be universal; and it is impossible to
foresee the lengths this multitude at bay will go to in order to
escape famine; they and their children。〃 …In 1789 white bread proves
to be wanting throughout France。
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Notes:
'1' Théron de Montaugé; 102; 113。 In the Toulousain ten parishes
out of fifty have schools。 … In Gascony; says the ass。 prov。 of Auch
(p。 24); 〃most of the rural districts are without schoolmasters or
parsonages。〃 … In 1778; the post between Paris and Toulouse runs only
three times a week; that of Toulouse by way of Alby; Rodez; etc。;
twice a week; for Beaumont; Saint…Girons; etc。; once a week。 〃In the
country;〃 says Théron de Montaugé; 〃one may be said to live in
solitude and exile。〃 In 1789 the Paris post reaches Besan?on three
times a week。 (Arthur Young; I。 257)。
'2' One of the Marquis de Mirabeau's expressions。
'3' Archives nationales; G。 300; letter of an excise director at
Coulommiers; Aug。 13; 1781。
'4' D'Argenson; VI。 425 (June 16; 1751)。
'5' De Montlosier; I。 102; 146。
'6' Théron de Montaugé; 102。
'7' Monsieur Nicolas; I。 448。
'8' 〃Tableaux de la Révolution;〃 by Schmidt; II。 7 (report by the
agent Perriere who lived in Auvergne。)
'9' Gouverneur Morris; II。 69; April 29; 1789。
'10' Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。 83。
'11' De Vaublanc; 209。
'12' Mandrin; (Louis) (Saint étienne…de… Saint…Geoirs; Isère; 1724
… Valence; 1755)。 French smuggler who; after 1750; was active over an
enormous territory with the support of the population; hunted down by
the army; caught; condemned to death to be broken alive on the wheel。
(SR。)
'13' Arthur Young; I。 283 (Aug。 13; 1789); I。 289 (Aug。 19; 1789)。
'14' Archives nationales; H; 274。 Letters respectively of M。 de
Caraman (March 18 and April 12; 1789); M。 d'Eymar de Montmegran (April
2); M。 de la Tour (March 30)。 〃The sovereign's greatest benefit is
interpreted in the strangest manner by an ignorant populace。〃
'15' Doniol; 〃Hist。 Des classes rurales;〃 495。 (Letter of Aug。 3;
1789; to M。 de Clermont…Tonnerre)。
'16' Archives nationales; H。 1453。 (Letter of Aug。 3; 1789; to M。
de Clermont…Tonnere)。
'17' Procès…verbaux de l'ass。 Prov。 D'Orléanais;〃 p。 296。〃Distrusts
still prevails throughout the rural districts。 。 。 Your first orders
for departmental assemblies only awakened suspicion in certain
quarters。〃
'18' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。 186。
'19' Mme。 Vigée…Lebrun; I。 158; (1788); I。 183 (1789)。
'20' Archives nationals; H。 723。 (Letter of M。 de Caumartin;
intendant at Besan?on; Dec。 5; 1788)。
'21' D'Argenson; March 13; 1752。
'22' 〃Corresp。;〃 of Métra; V; 179 (November 22; 1777)。
'23' Beugnot; I。 142。 〃No inhabitant of the barony of Choiseul
mingled with any of the bands composed of the patriots of Montigny;
smugglers and outcasts of the neighborhood。〃 … See; on the poachers of
the day; 〃Les deux amis de Bourbonne;〃 by Diderot。
'24' De Calonne; 〃Mémoires presentés à l'ass。 des notables;〃 No。 8。
… Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 I。 195。
'25' Letrosne; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 59。
'26' Archives nationales; H。 426。 (Mémoires of the farmers…general;
Jan。 13; 1781; Sept。 15; 1782)。 H; 614。 (Letter of M。 de Coetlosquet;
April 25; 1777)。 H; 1431。 Report by the farmers…general; March 9;
1787。
'27' Archives nationales; H; 1453。 Letter of the Baron de Bezenval;
June 19; 1789。
'28' 〃Mandrin;〃 by Paul Simian; passim。 … 〃Histoire de Beaume;〃
by Rossignol; p。 453。 … 〃Mandrin;〃 by Ch。 Jarrin (1875)。 Major Fisher;
who attacks and disperses the gang; writes that the affair is urgent
since; 〃higher to the North near Forez; one can find two or three
hundred vagrants who only wait for a chance to unite with them。〃
(p。47。)
'29' Mercier; XI。 116。
'30' See above; book I。 p。 55。
'31' Letrosne; ibid。 (1779); p。 539。
'32' Archives nationales; F16; 965; and H; 892。 (Ordinance of
August 4 1764; a circular of instructions of July 20; 1767; a letter
of a police lieutenant of Toulouse; September 21; 1787)。
'33' Archives nationales; H; 724; H; 554; F4 2397; F16 965。 …
Letters of the jailers of Carcassonne (June 22; 1789); of Béziers
(July 19; 1786); of Nimes (July 1; 1786); of the intendant; M。 d'Aine
(March 19; 1786)。
'34' Archives nationales; H; 554。 (Letter of M。 de Bertrand;
intendant of Rennes; August 7; 1785)。
'35' Archives nationales; H; 426。 (Remonstrances; Feb。 1783)。 … H;
554。 (Letter of M。 de Bertrand; Aug。 17; 1785)。
'36' Archives nationales; H; 614 (Mémoire by René de Hauteville;
parliamentary advocate; Saint…Brieuc; Dec。 25; 1776。)
'37' 〃Process…verbaux de l'ass。 Prov。 de Soissonnais〃 (1787) p。
457。
'38' Archives nationales; H; 616 (A letter of M。 De Boves;
intendant of Rennes; April 23; 1774)。
'39' Périn; 〃La Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 301。 (Doléances des
parroisses rurales en 1789)。
'40' Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvern。 de Normandie;〃 VII。 147…177 (1789)。 …
Boivin…Champeaux; 〃Notice hist。 sur la Révolution dans le département
de l'Eure;〃 p。 83 (1789)。
'41' Théron de Montaugé; p。 87。 (Letter of the prior of the
convent; March; 1789)。
'42' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'Ass。 prov。 de Lyonnais;〃 p。57。 …
Archives nationales; F4; 2073。 Memorandum of Jan。 24; 1788。
〃Charitable assistance is very limited; the provincial authorities
providing no resources for such accidents。〃
'43' Levasseur; 〃La France industrielle;〃 119。 … In 1862; the
population being almost triple (1 696 000) there are but 90 000
paupers。
'44' Albert Babeau; 〃Hist。 de Troyes;〃 I。 91。 (Letter of the mayor
Huez; July 30; 1788)。
'45' Floquet; VII; 506。
'46' Archives nationales; H; 1453。 (Letter of M。 de Sainte…Suzanne;
April 29; 1789)。
'47' Arthur Young; I。 256。
'48' 〃Correspond。 secrèt inédite;〃 from 1777 to 1792; published by
M。 de Lescure; II。 351 (May 8; 1789)。 Cf。 C。 Desmoulins; 〃La
Lanterne;〃 of 100 rioters arrested at Lyons 96 were branded。
'49' De Bezenval; II。 344; 350。 … Dussault; 〃La Prise de la
Bastille;〃 352。 … Marmontel; II; ch。 XIV; 249。 Mme。 Vigée…Lebrun; I。
177; 188。
'50' Mercier; I。 32; VI。 15; X。 179; XI。 59; XII。 83。 … Arthur
Young; I。 122。
'51' In the original; pain de Gonesse; … bread; made in a village
of this name near Paris; and renowned for its whiteness。 … TR。
'52' 〃Dialogues sur le commerce des blés;〃 by Galiani (1770)。 〃If
the strong of the markets are content; no misfortune will happen to
the administration。 The great conspire and rebel; the bourgeois
murmurs and lives a celibate; peasants and artisans despair and go
away; porters get up riots。〃
CHAPTER IV。 The Armed Forces。
I。
Military force declines。 … How the army is recruited。 … How the
soldier is treated。
Against universal sedition where is force? … The measures and
dispositions which govern the 150;000 men who maintain order are the
same as those ruling the 26 millions people subject to it。 We find
here the same abuses; disaffection; and other causes for the
dissolution of the nation which; in their turn; will dissolve the
army。
Of the 90 millions of pay'1' which the army annually costs the
treasury; 46 millions are for officers and only 44 millions for
soldiers; and we are already aware that a new ordinance reserves ranks
of all kinds for verified nobles。 In no direction is this inequality;
against which public opinion rebels so vigorously; more apparent。 On
the one hand; authority; honors; money; leisure; good…living; social
enjoyments; and plays in private; for the minority。 On the other hand;
for the majority; subjection; dejection; fatigue; a forced or betrayed
enlistment; no hope of promotion; pay at six sous a day;'2' a narrow
cot for two; bread fit for dogs; and; for several years; kicks like
those bestowed on a dog。'3' On the one hand; a nobility of high
estate; and; on the other; the lowest of the populace。 One might say
that this was specially designed for contrast and to intensify
irritation。 〃The insignificant pay of the soldier;〃 says an economist;
〃the way in which he is dressed; lodged and fed; his utter dependence;
would render it cruelty to take any other than a man of the lower
class。〃'4' Indeed; he is sought for only in the lowest layers of
society。 Not only are nobles and the bourgeoisie exempt from
conscription; but again the employees of the administration; of the
fermes and of public works; 〃all gamekeepers and forest…rangers; the
hired domestics and valets of ecclesiastics; of communities; of
religious establishments; of the gentry and of nobles;〃'5' and even of
the bourgeoisie living in grand style; and still better; the sons of
cultivators in easy circumstances; and; in general; all possessing
influence or any species of protector。 There remains; accordingly; for
the militia none but the poorest class; and they do not willingly
enter it。 On the contrary; the service is hateful to them; they
conceal themselves in the forests where they have to be pursued by
armed men: in a certain canton which; three years later; furnishes in
one day from fifty to one hundred volunteers; the young men cut off
their thumbs to escape the draft。'6' To this scum of society is added
the sweepings of the depots and of the jails。 Among the vagabonds that
fill these; after winnowing out those able to make their families
known or to obtain sponsors; 〃there are none left;〃 says an intendant;
〃but those who are entirely unknown or dangerous; out of which those
regarded as the least vicious are selected and efforts are made to
place these in the army。〃'7' … The last of its affluents is the
half…forced; half…voluntary enlistment by which the ranks are for the
most part filled; the human waste of large towns; like adventurers;
discharged apprentices; young reprobates turned out of doors; and
people without homes or steady occupation。 The recruiting agent who is
paid so much a head for his recruits and so much an inch on their
stature above five feet; 〃holds his court in a tavern; treating
everyone〃 promoting his merchandise:
〃Come; bo