the origins of contemporary france-1-第43章
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especially； mount the scaffold with the ease and serenity
characteristic of an evening entertainment。 It is the supreme
characteristic of good…breeding； erected into an unique duty； and
become to this aristocracy a second nature； which is found in its
virtues as well as in its vices； in its faculties as well as in its
impotencies； in its prosperity as at its fall； and which adorns it
even in the death to which it conducts。
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Notes：
＇1＇。 Champfort； 110。
＇2＇。 George Sand； V。 59。 〃I was rebuked for everything； I never
made a movement which was not criticized。〃
＇3＇。 〃Paris； Versailles； et les provinces；〃 I。 162。 … 〃The king of
Sweden is here； be wears rosettes on his breeches； all is over； he is
ridiculous； and a provincial king。〃 （〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie；〃
by Hippeau； IV。 237； July 4； 1784。
＇4＇。 Stendhal； 〃Rome； Naples and Florence；〃 379。 Stated by an
English lord。
＇5＇ Marivaux； 〃La Petit…Ma？tre corrigé。 … Gresset； 〃Le Méchant。〃
Crébillon fils； 〃La Nuit et le Moment；〃 （especially the scene between
the scene between Citandre and Lucinde）。 … Collé； 〃La Verité dans le
Vin；〃 （the part of the abbé with the with the présidente）。 … De
Bezenval； 79。 （The comte de Frise and Mme。 de Blot）。 〃Vie privée du
Maréchal de Richelieu；〃 （scenes with Mme。 Michelin）。 … De Goncourt；
167 to 174。
＇6＇。 Laclos； 〃Les Liaisons Dangereuses。〃 Mme。 de Merteuil was
copied after a Marquise de Grenoble。 … Remark the difference between
Lovelace and Valmont； one being stimulated by pride and the other by
vanity。
＇7＇。 The growth of sensibility is indicated by the following dates：
Rousseau； 〃Sur l'influence des lettres et des arts；〃 1749； 〃Sur
l'inégalité；〃 1753； 〃Nouvelle Héloise；〃 1759。 Greuze； 〃Le Pére de
Famille lisant la Bible；〃 1755； 〃L'Accordée de Village；〃 1761。
Diderot； 〃Le fils natural；〃 1757； 〃Le Pére de Famille；〃 1758。
＇8＇。 Mme。 de Genlis； 〃Mémoires；〃 chap。 XVII。 … George Sand； I。 72。
The young Mme。 de Francueil； on seeing Rousseaufor the first time；
burst into tears。
＇9＇。 This point has been brought out with as much skill as accuracy
by Messieurs de Goncourt in 〃L'Art au dix…huitième siècle；〃 I。 433…
438。
＇10＇。 The number for August； 1792； contains 〃Les Rivaux d'eux…
mêmes。〃 … About the same time other pieces are inserted in the
〃Mercure；〃 such as 〃The federal union of Hymen and Cupid；〃 〃Les
Jaloux；〃 〃A Pastoral Romance；〃 〃Ode Anacréontique à Mlle。 S。 D。 。 。 。
〃 etc。
＇11＇。 Mme。 de Genlis； 〃Adéle et Théodore；〃 I。 312。 … De Goncourt；
〃La Femme an dixhuitième siècle；〃 318。 … Mme。 d'Oberkirk； I。 56。 …
Description of the puff au sentiment of the Duchesse de Chartres （de
Goncourt； 311）： 〃In the background is a woman seated in a chair and
holding an infant； which represents the Duc de Valois and his nurse。
On the right is a parrot pecking at a cherry； and on the left a little
Negro； the duchess's two pets： the whole is intermingled with locks of
hair of all the relations of Mme。 de Chartres； the hair of her
husband； father and father…in…law。〃
＇12＇。 Mme。 de Genlis； 〃Les Dangers du Monde。〃 I； scène VII； II；
scène IV； … 〃Adèle et Théodore；〃 I。 312； … 〃Souvenirs de Félicie；〃
199； … Bachaumont； IV； 320。
＇13＇。 Mme。 de la Rochejacquelein； 〃Mémoires。〃
＇14＇。 Mme。 de Genlis； 〃Mémoires；〃 chap。 XX。 … De Lauzun； 270。
＇15＇。 Mme。 d'Oberkirk； II。 35 （1783…1784）。 Mme。 Campan； III。 371。 …
Mercier； 〃Tableau de Paris；〃 passim。
＇16＇。 〃Correspondance〃 by Métra； XVII。 55； （1784）。 Mme。
d'Oberkirk； II。 234。 … 〃Marie Antoinette；〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy；
II。 63； 29。
＇17＇。 〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie；〃 by Hippeau； IV。 387 （Letters
of June 4； 1789； by an eye…witness）。
＇18＇。 Florian； 〃Ruth〃。
＇19＇。 Hippeau； IV。 86 （June 23； 1773）； on the representation of 〃Le
Siege de Calais；〃 at the Comédie Fran？aise； at the moment when Mlle。
Vestris has pronounced these words：
Le Fran？ais dans son prince aime à trouver un frère
Qui； né fils de l'Etat； en devienne le père。
〃Long and universal plaudits greeted the actress who had turned in
the direction of the Dauphin。〃 In another place these verses recur：
Quelle le？on pour vous； superbes potentats！
Veillez sur vos sujets dans le rang le plus bas；
Tel； loin de vos regards； dans la misère expire；
Qui quelque jour peut…être； e？t sauvé votre empire。
〃The Dauphin and the Dauphine in turn applauded the speech。 This
demonstration of their sensibility was welcomed with new expressions
of affection and gratitude。〃
＇20＇。 Madame de Genlis； 〃Souvenirs de Félicie；〃 76； 161。
＇21＇。 M。 de Montlosier； in the Constituent Assembly； is about the
only person familiar with feudal laws。
＇22＇。 〃A competent and impartial man who would estimate the
chances of the success of the Révolution would find that there are
more against it than against the five winning numbers in a lottery；
but this is possible； and unfortunately； this time； they all came out〃
（Duc de Lévis； 〃Souvenirs；〃 328。）
＇23＇。 〃Corinne；〃 by Madame de Sta？l； the character of the Comte
d'Erfeuil。 … Malonet； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。 297 （a memorable instance of
political stupidity）。
＇24＇。 Mme。 Campan； II。 140； 313。 … Duc de Choiseul； 〃Mémoires。〃
＇25＇。 Journal of Dumont d'Urville； commander of the vessel which
transported Charles X。 into exile in 1830。 … See note 4 at the end of
the volume。
＇26＇。 Dumouriez； 〃Mémoires；〃 III。 chap。 III。 （July 21； 1789）。
＇27＇。 1 〃All these fine ladies and gentlemen who knew so well how
to bow and courtesy and walk over a carpet； could not take three steps
on God's earth without getting dreadfully fatigued。 They could not
even open or shut a door； they had not even strength enough to lift a
log to put it on the fire； they had to call a servant to draw up a
chair for them； they could not come in or go out by themselves。 what
could they have done with their graces； without their valets to supply
the place of hands and feet？〃 （George Sand； V。 61。）
＇28＇。 When Madame de F… had expressed a clever thing she felt quite
proud of it。 M… remarked that on uttering something clever about an
emetic she was quite surprised that she was not purged。 Champfort；
107。
＇29＇。 The following is an example of what armed resistance can
accomplish for a man in his own house。 〃A gentleman of Marseilles；
proscribed and living in his country domicile； has provided himself
with gun； pistols and saber； and never goes out without this armament；
declaring that he will not be taken alive。 Nobody dared to execute the
order of arrest。 （Anne Plumptree； 〃A Residence of three years in
France；〃 （1802…1805）； II。 115。
BOOK THIRD。 THE SPIRIT AND THE DOCTRINE。
CHAPTER I。 SCIENTIFIC ACQUISITION。
The composition of the revolutionary spirit。 Scientific
acquisition its first element。
On seeing a man with a somewhat feeble constitution； but healthy in
appearance and of steady habits； greedily swallow some new kind of
cordial and then suddenly fall to the ground； foam at the mouth； act
deliriously and writhe in convulsions； we at once surmise that this
agreeable beverage contained some dangerous substance； but a delicate
analysis is necessary to detect and decompose the poison。 The
philosophy of the eighteenth century contained poison； and of a kind
as potent as it was peculiar； for； not only is it a long historic
elaboration； the final and condensed essence of the tendency of the
thought of the century； but again its two principal ingredients have
this peculiarity； that； separate； they are salutary； and in
combination they form a venomous compound。
I。SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS。
The accumulation and progress of discoveries in science and in
nature。 … They serve as a starting…point for the new philosophers。
The first is scientific discovery； admirable on all sides； and
beneficent in its nature； it is made up of masses of facts slowly
accumulated and then summarily presented； or in rapid succession。 For
the first time in history the sciences expand and affirm each other to
the extent of providing； not； as formerly； under Galileo and
Descartes； constructive fragments； or provisional scaffolding； but a
definite and demonstrated system of the universe； that of Newton。＇1＇
Around this capital fact； almost all the discoveries of the century；
either as complementary or as prolongations； range themselves。 In pure
mathematics we have the Infinitesimal Calculus discovered
simultaneously by Leibnitz and Newton； mechanics reduced by d'Alembert
to a single theorem； and that superb collection of theories which；
elaborated by the Bernouillis； Euler； Clairaut； d'Alembert； Taylor and
Maclaurin； is finally completed at the end of the century by Monge；
Lagrange； and Laplace。＇2＇ In astronomy； the series of calculations and
observations which； from Newton to Laplace； transforms science into a
problem of mechanics； explains and predicts the movements of the
planets and of their satellites； indicating the origin and formation
of our solar system； and； extending beyond this； through the
discoveries of Herschel； affording an insight into the distribution of
the stellar archipelagos； and of the grand outlines of celestial
architecture。 In physics； the decomposition of light and the
principles of optics discovered by Newton； the velocity of sound； the
form of its undulations； and from Sauveur to Chladni； from Newton to
Bernouilli and Lagrange； the experimental laws and leading theorems of
Acoustics； the primary laws of the radiation of heat by Newton； Kraft
and Lambert； the theory of latent heat by Black； the proportions of
caloric by Lavoisier and Laplace； the first true conceptions of the
source of fire and heat； the experiments； laws； and means by which
Dufay； Nollet； Franklin； and especially Coulomb explain； manipulate
and； for the first time； utilize electricity。 … In Chemistry； all
the foundations of the science： isolated oxygen； nitrogen and
hydrogen； the composition of water； the theory of combustion； chemical
nomenclature； quantitative analysis； the indestructibility of matter；
in short； the discoveries of Scheele； Priestley； Cavendish and Stahl；
crowned with the clear and concise theory of Lavoisier。 … In
Mineralogy； the goniometer； the constancy of angles and the primary
laws of derivation by Romé de Lisle； and next the discovery of types
and the mathematical deduction of secondary forms by Haüy。 … In
Geology； the verification and results of Newton's theory； the exact
form of the earth； the depression of the poles； the expansion of the
equator；＇3＇ the cause and the law of the tides； the primitive fluidity
of the planet； the constancy of its internal heat
