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the origins of contemporary france-1-第102章

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but a few texts。



(Barbier; 〃Journal;〃 October; 1670)。  The Dauphine has just given

birth to an infant。



〃La jeune princesse en est a sa quatrieme nourrice。  。  。  。  Jai

appris à cette occasion que tout se fait par forme à la cour; suivant

un protocole de médecin; en sorte que c'est un miracle d'élever un

prince et une princesse。  La nourrice n'a d'autres fonctions que de

donner à têter à l'enfant quand on le lui apporte; elle ne peut pas

lui toucher。  Il y a des remueuses et femmes préposées pour cela; mais

qui n'ont point d'ordre à recevoir de la nourrice。  Il y a des heures

pour remuer l'enfant; trois ou quatre fois dans la journée。  Si

l'enfant dort; on le réveille pour le remuer。  Si; après avoir été

changé; il fait dans ses langes; il reste ainsi trois ou quatre heures

dans son ordure。  Si une epingle le pique; la nourrice ne doit pas

l'?ter; il faut chercher et attendre une autre femme; l'enfant crie

dans tons ces cas; il se tuurmente et s'échauffe; en sorte que c'est

une vraie misère que toutes ces cérémonies。〃



(Madame de Genlis; 〃Souvenirs de Félicie;〃 p。74。  Conversation with

Madame Louise; daughter of Louis XV。; and recently become a

Carmelite)。



〃I should like to know what troubled you most in getting accustomed

to your new profession?



〃You could never imagine;〃 she replied; smiling。  〃It was the

descent of a small flight of steps alone by myself。  At first it seemed

to me a dreadful precipice; and I was obliged to sit down on the steps

and slide down in that attitude。〃   … 〃A princess; indeed; who had

never descended any but the grand staircase at Versailles; leaning on

the arm of her cavalier in waiting and surrounded by pages;

necessarily trembled on finding herself alone on the brink of steep

winding steps。  (Such is) the education; so absurd in many respects;

generally bestowed on persons of this rank; always watched from

infancy; followed; assisted; escorted and everything anticipated;

(they) are thus; in great part; deprived of the faculties with which

nature has endowed them。〃







Madame Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  58; 28。



〃Madame Louise often told me that; although twelve years of age;

she had not fully learned the alphabet。  。  。  。



〃It was necessary to decide absolutely whether a certain water…bird

was fat or lean。  Madame Victoire consulted a bishop。  。  。  。  He replied

that; in a doubt of this kind; after having the bird cooked it would

be necessary to puncture it on a very cold silver dish and; if the

juice coagulated in one…quarter of an hour; the bird might be

considered fat。  Madame Victoire immediately put it to test; the juice

did not coagulate。  The princess was highly delighted; as she was very

fond of this species of game。  Fasting (on religious grounds); to which

Madame Victoire was addicted; put her to inconvenience; accordingly

she awaited the midnight stroke of Holy Saturday impatiently。  A dish

of chicken and rice and other succulent dishes were then at once

served up。〃



(〃Journal de Dumont d'Urville;〃 commanding the vessel on which

Charles X。  left France in 1830。  Quoted by Vaulabelle; History of the

Restoration; VIII。  p。465)。



〃The king and the Duc d'Angoulême questioned me on my various

campaigns; but especially on my voyage around the world in the

'Astrolabe。' My narrative seemed to interest them very much; their

interruptions consisting of questions of remarkable naiveté; showing

that they possessed no notions whatever; even the most superficial; on

the sciences or on voyages; being as ignorant on these points as any

of the old rentiers of the Marais。

…



                               Note 5。

                     On the rate of direct taxation。



The following figures are extracted from the proces…verbaux of the provincial assemblies (1778…1787)



______________________________________________________________________

                               Access…                           Total en

                     Taille。   iores de   Capitation Impot des  multiples

                               la taille。 taillable。 routes。 de la taille。



__________________________________________________________________________

Ile…de…France;        4;296;040  2;207;826  2;689;287   519;989     2;23

Lyonnais;             1;356;954    903;653    898;089   315;869     2;61

Géneralité de Rouen;  2;671;939  1;595;051  1;715;592   598;258'1'  2;46

Généralité de Caen;   1;939;665  1;212;429  1;187;823   659;034     2;56

Berry;                  821;921    448;431    464;955   236;900     2;50

Poitou;               2;309;681  1;113;766  1;403;402   520;000     2;30

Soissonnats;          1;062;392    911;883    734;899   462;883     2;94

Orléanais;            2;353;892  1;256;125  1;485;720   586;385     2;34

Champagne;            1;783;850  1;459;780  1;377;371   807;280     3;00

Généralité d'Alencon; 1;742;655  1;120;041  1;067;849   435;637     2;47

Auvergne              1;999;040  1;399;678  1;753;026   310;468     2;70

Généralité d'Auch;    1;440;533    931;261    797;268   316;909'2'  2;35

Haute…Guyenne;        2;531;314  1;267;619  1;268;855   308;993'3'  2;47

_______________________________________________________________________







The principal of the taille being one; the figures in the last

column represent; for each province; the total of the four taxes in

relation to the taille。  The average of all these is 2。53。  The

accessories of the taille; the poll…tax and the tax for roads; are

fixed for each assessable party; pro rata to his taille。  Multiply the

sum representing the portion of the taille deducted from a net income

by 2。53; to know the sum of the four taxes put together and deducted

from this income。

This part varies from province to province; from parish to parish;

and even from individual to individual。  Nevertheless we may estimate

that the taille; on the average; especially when bearing on a small

peasant proprietor; without protector or influence; abstracts one…

sixth of his net income; say 16 fr。  66 c。  on 100 francs。  For example;

according to the declarations of the provincial assemblies; in

Champagne; it deducts 3 sous and 2/3 of a denier per livre; or 15 fr。

28 c。  on 100 francs; in the Ile…de…France; 35 livres 14 sous on 240

livres; or 14 fr。  87 c。  on 100; in Auvergne; 4 sous per livre of the

net income; that is to say; 20 %。  Finally; in the generalship of Auch;

the provincial assembly estimates that the taille and accessories

absorb three…tenths of the net revenue; by which it is evident that;

taking the amounts of the provincial budget; the taille alone absorbs

eighteen fr。  ten c。  on 100 francs of revenue。

Thus stated; if the taille as principal absorbs one…sixth of the

net income of the subject of the taille; that is to say; 16 fr。  66 c。

on 100; the total of the four taxes above mentioned; takes 16 fr。  66

c。  X 2;53 = 42 fr。  15 c。  on 100 fr。  income。  To which must be added 11

fr。  for the two vingtièmes and 4 sous per livre added to the first

vingtième; total 53 fr。  15 c。  direct tax on 100 livres income subject

to the taille。

The dime; tithe; being estimated at a seventh of the net income;

abstracts in addition 14 ft。  28 c。  The feudal dues being valued at the

same sum also take off 14 fr。  28 c。; total 28 fr。  56 c。

Sum total of deductions of the direct royal tax; of the

ecclesiastic tithes; and of feudal dues; 81 fr。  71c。  on 100 fr。

income。  There remain to the tax。  payer 18 fr。  29 C。

_____________________________________________________________________



Notes:

'1' This amount is not given by the provincial assembly; to fill up

this blank I have taken the tenth of the taille; of the accessories

and of the assessable poll…tax; this being the mode followed by the

provincial assembly of Lyonnais。  By the declaration of June 2; 1717;

the tax on roads may be carried to one…sixth of the three preceding

taxes it is commonly one…tenth or; in relation to the principal of the

taille; one…quarter。

'2' … Same remark。  …

'3' The provincial assembly carries this amount to one…eleventh of

the taille and accessories combined。











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