glaucus-or the wonders of the shore(格劳高斯)-第25章
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COUNTERBALANCE EACH OTHER； the animal's blood being purified
by the oxygen given off by the plants； the plants fed by the carbonic acid
breathed out by the animals。
On the same principle； Mr。 Warrington first kept； for many months；
in a vase of unchanged water； two small gold fish and a plant of
Vallisneria spiralis； and two years afterwards began a similar experiment
with sea…water； weeds； and anemones； which were； at last； as successful
as the former ones。 Mr。 Gosse had； in the meanwhile； with tolerable
success begun a similar method； unaware of what Mr。 Warrington had
done； and now the beautiful and curious exhibition of fresh and salt
water tanks in the Zoological Gardens in London； bids fair to be copied
in every similar institution； and we hope in many private houses；
throughout the kingdom。
To this subject Mr。 Gosse's book； 〃The Aquarium；〃 is principally
devoted； though it contains； besides； sketches of coast scenery； in his
usual charming style； and descriptions of rare sea…animals； with wise and
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goodly reflections thereon。 One great object of interest in the book is
the last chapter； which treats fully of the making and stocking these salt…
water 〃Aquaria；〃 and the various beautifully coloured plates； which are；
as it were； sketches from the interior of tanks； are well fitted to excite the
desire of all readers to possess such gorgeous living pictures； if as
nothing else； still as drawing…room ornaments； flower…gardens which
never wither； fairy lakes of perpetual calm which no storm blackens； …
＇Greek text which cannot be reproduced＇
Those who have never seen one of them can never imagine （and
neither Mr。 Gosse's pencil nor my clumsy words can ever describe to
them） the gorgeous colouring and the grace and delicacy of form which
these subaqueous landscapes exhibit。
As for colouring； … the only bit of colour which I can remember even
faintly resembling them （for though Correggio's Magdalene may rival
them in greens and blues； yet even he has no such crimsons and purples）
is the Adoration of the Shepherds； by that 〃prince of colorists〃 … Palma
Vecchio； which hangs on the left…hand side of Lord Ellesmere's great
gallery。 But as for the forms； … where shall we see their like？ Where；
amid miniature forests as fantastic as those of the tropics； animals whose
shapes outvie the wildest dreams of the old German ghost painters which
cover the walls of the galleries of Brussels or Antwerp？ And yet the
uncouthest has some quaint beauty of its own； while most … the star…
fishes and anemones； for example … are nothing but beauty。 The
brilliant plates in Mr。 Gosse's 〃Aquarium〃 give； after all； but a meagre
picture of the reality； as it may be seen in the tank… house at the Zoological
Gardens； and as it may be seen also； by anyone who will follow
carefully the directions given at the end of his book； stock a glass vase
with such common things as he may find in an hour's search at low tide；
and so have an opportunity of seeing how truly Mr。 Gosse says； in his
valuable preface； that …
〃The habits〃 （and he might well have added； the marvellous beauty）
〃of animals will never be thoroughly known till they are observed in
detail。 Nor is it sufficient to mark them with attention now and then；
they must be closely watched； their various actions carefully noted； their
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behaviour under different circumstances； and especially those
movements which seem to us mere vagaries； undirected by any
suggestible motive or cause； well examined。 A rich fruit of result； often
new and curious and unexpected； will； I am sure； reward anyone who
studies living animals in this way。 The most interesting parts； by far； of
published Natural History are those minute； but graphic particulars；
which have been gathered up by an attentive watching of individual
animals。〃
Mr。 Gosse's own books； certainly； give proof enough of this。 We
need only direct the reader to his exquisitely humorous account of the
ways and works of a captive soldier…crab； （31） to show them how much
there is to be seen； and how full Nature is also of that ludicrous element
of which we spoke above。 And； indeed； it is in this form of Natural
History： not in mere classification； and the finding out of means； and
quarrellings as to the first discovery of that beetle or this buttercup； … too
common； alas！ among mere closet…collectors； … 〃endless genealogies；〃 to
apply St。 Paul's words by no means irreverently or fancifully； 〃which do
but gender strife；〃 … not in these pedantries is that moral training to be
found； for which we have been lauding the study of Natural History：
but in healthful walks and voyages out of doors； and in careful and
patient watching of the living animals and plants at home； with an
observation sharpened by practice； and a temper calmed by the continual
practice of the naturalist's first virtues … patience and perseverance。
Practical directions for forming an 〃Aquarium〃 may be found in Mr。
Gosse's book bearing that name； at pp。 101； 255； ET SEQ。； and those
who wish to carry out the notion thoroughly； cannot do better than buy
his book； and take their choice of the many different forms of vase； with
rockwork； fountains； and other pretty devices which he describes。
But the many； even if they have Mr。 Gosse's book； will be rather
inclined to begin with a small attempt； especially as they are probably
half sceptical of the possibility of keeping sea…animals inland without
changing the water。 A few simple directions； therefore； will not come
amiss here。 They shall be such as anyone can put into practice； who
goes down to stay in a lodging…house at the most cockney of watering…
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places。
Buy at any glass…shop a cylindrical glass jar； some six inches in
diameter and ten high； which will cost you from three to four shillings；
wash it clean； and fill it with clean salt…water； dipped out of any pool
among the rocks； only looking first to see that there is no dead fish or
other evil matter in the said pool； and that no stream from the land runs
into it。 If you choose to take the trouble to dip up the water over a
boat's side； so much the better。
So much for your vase； now to stock it。
Go down at low spring…tide to the nearest ledge of rocks； and with a
hammer and chisel chip off a few pieces of stone covered with growing
sea…weed。 Avoid the common and coarser kinds （fuci） which cover the
surface of the rocks； for they give out under water a slime which will
foul your tank： but choose the more delicate species which fringe the
edges of every pool at low…water mark； the pink coralline； the dark
purple ragged dulse （Rhodymenia）； the Carrageen moss （Chondrus）； and
above all； the commonest of all； the delicate green Ulva； which you will
see growing everywhere in wrinkled fan…shaped sheets； as thin as the
finest silver…paper。 The smallest bits of stone are sufficient； provided
the sea…weeds have hold of them； for they have no real roots； but adhere
by a small disc； deriving no nourishment from the rock； but only from
the water。 Take care； meanwhile； that there be as little as possible on
the stone； beside the weed itself。 Especially scrape off any small
sponges； and see that no worms have made their twining tubes of sand
among the weed…stems； if they have； drag them out； for they will surely
die； and as surely spoil all by sulphuretted hydrogen； blackness； and evil
smells。
Put your weeds into your tank； and settle them at the bottom； which
last； some say； should be covered with a layer of pebbles： but let the
beginner leave it as bare as possible； for the pebbles only tempt cross…
grained annelids to crawl under them； die； and spoil all by decaying：
whereas if the bottom of the vase is bare； you can see a sickly or dead
inhabitant at once； and take him out （which you must do） instantly。 Let
your weeds stand quietly in the vase a day or two before you put in any
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live animals； and even then； do not put any in if the water does not
appear perfectly clear： but lift out the weeds； and renew the water ere
you replace them。
This is Mr。 Gosse's method。 But Mr。 Lloyd； in his 〃Handbook to the
Crystal Palace Aquarium；〃 advises that no weed should be put into the
tank。 〃
