glaucus-or the wonders of the shore(格劳高斯)-第12章
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But so it was from the beginning； … and this planet was not made for
man alone。 Countless ages before we appeared on earth the depths of
the old chalk…ocean teemed with forms as beautiful and perfect as those；
their lineal descendants； which the dredge now brings up from the
Atlantic sea…floor； and if there were … as my reason tells me that there
must have been … final moral causes for their existence； the only ones
which we have a right to imagine are these … that all； down to the lowest
Rhizopod； might delight themselves； however dimly； in existing； and
that the Lord might delight Himself in them。
Thus； much … alas！ how little … about the wonders of the deep。 We；
who are no deep…sea dredgers； must return humbly to the wonders of the
shore。 And first； as after descending the gap in the sea…wall we walk
along the ribbed floor of hard yellow sand； let me ask you to give a
sharp look…out for a round grey disc； about as big as a penny…piece；
peeping out on the surface。 No； that is not it； that little lump： open it；
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and you will find within one of the common little Venus gallina。 … The
closet collectors have given it some new name now； and no thanks to
them： they are always changing the names； instead of studying the live
animals where Nature has put them； in which case they would have no
time for word…inventing。 Nay； I verify suspect that the names grow； like
other things； at least； they get longer and longer and more jaw…breaking
every year。 The little bivalve； however； finding itself left by the tide；
has wisely shut up its siphons； and； by means of its foot and its edges；
buried itself in a comfortable bath of cool wet sand； till the sea shall
come back； and make it safe to crawl and lounge about on the surface；
smoking the sea…water instead of tobacco。 Neither is that depression
what we seek。 Touch it； and out poke a pair of astonished and inquiring
horns： it is a long…armed crab； who saw us coming； and wisely
shovelled himself into the sand by means of his nether…end。 Corystes
Cassivelaunus is his name； which he is said to have acquired from the
marks on his back； which are somewhat like a human face。 〃Those
long antennae；〃 says my friend； Mr。 Lloyd （6） … I have not verified the
fact； but believe it； as he knows a great deal about crabs； and I know
next to nothing … 〃form a tube through which a current of water passes
into the crab's gills； free from the surrounding sand。〃 Moreover； it is
only the male who has those strangely long fore…arms and claws； the
female contenting herself with limbs of a more moderate length。
Neither is that； though it might be； the hole down which what we seek
has vanished： but that burrow contains one of the long white razors
which you saw cast on shore at Paignton。 The boys close by are boring
for them with iron rods armed with a screw； and taking them in to sell in
Torquay market； as excellent food。 But there is one； at last … a grey disc
pouting up through the sand。 Touch it； and it is gone down； quick as
light。 We must dig it out； and carefully； for it is a delicate monster。 At
last； after ten minutes' careful work； we have brought up； from a foot
depth or more … what？ A thick； dirty； slimy worm； without head or tail；
form or colour。 A slug has more artistic beauty about him。 Be it so。
At home in the aquarium （where； alas！ he will live but for a day or two；
under the new irritation of light） he will make a very different figure。
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That is one of the rarest of British sea… animals； Peachia hastata （Pl。 XII。
Fig。 1）； which differs from most other British Actiniae in this； that
instead of having like them a walking disc； it has a free open lower end；
with which （I know not how） it buries itself upright in the sand； with its
mouth just above the surface。 The figure on the left of the plate
represents a curious cluster of papillae which project from one side of
the mouth； and are the opening of the oviduct。 But his value consists；
not merely in his beauty （though that； really； is not small）； but in his
belonging to what the long word…makers call an 〃interosculant〃 group； …
a party of genera and species which connect families scientifically far
apart； filling up a fresh link in the great chain； or rather the great
network； of zoological classification。 For here we have a simple； and；
as it were； crude form； of which； if we dared to indulge in reveries； we
might say that the Creative Mind realized it before either Actiniae or
Holothurians； and then went on to perfect the idea contained in it in two
different directions； dividing it into two different families； and making
on its model； by adding new organs； and taking away old ones； in one
direction the whole family of Actiniae （sea… anemones）； and in a quite
opposite one the Holothuriae； those strange sea…cucumbers； with their
mouth…fringe of feathery gills； of which you shall see some anon。 Thus
there has been； in the Creative Mind； as it gave life to new species； a
development of the idea on which older species were created； in order …
we may fancy … that every mesh of the great net might gradually be
supplied； and there should be no gaps in the perfect variety of Nature's
forms。 This development is one which we must believe to be at least
possible； if we allow that a Mind presides over the universe； and not a
mere brute necessity； a Law （absurd misnomer） without a Lawgiver； and
to it （strangely enough coinciding here and there with the Platonic
doctrine of Eternal Ideas existing in the Divine Mind） all fresh inductive
discovery seems to point more and more。
Let me speak freely a few words on this important matter。 Geology
has disproved the old popular belief that the universe was brought into
being as it now exists by a single fiat。 We know that the work has been
gradual； that the earth
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〃In tracts of fluent heat began； The seeming prey of cyclic storms；
The home of seeming random forms； Till； at the last； arose the man。〃
And we know； also； that these forms； 〃seeming random〃 as they are；
have appeared according to a law which； as far as we can judge； has
been on the whole one of progress； … lower animals （though we cannot
yet say； the lowest） appearing first； and man； the highest mammal； 〃the
roof and crown of things；〃 one of the latest in the series。 We have no
more right； let it be observed； to say that man； the highest； appeared last；
than that the lowest appeared first。 It was probably so； in both cases；
but there is as yet no positive proof of either； and as we know that
species of animals lower than those which already existed appeared
again and again during the various eras； so it is quite possible that they
may be appearing now； and may appear hereafter： and that for every
extinct Dodo or Moa； a new species may be created； to keep up the
equilibrium of the whole。 This is but a surmise： but it may be wise；
perhaps； just now； to confess boldly； even to insist on； its possibility； lest
any should fancy； from our unwillingness to allow it； that there would be
ought in it； if proved； contrary to sound religion。
I am； I must honestly confess； more and more unable to perceive
anything which an orthodox Christian may not hold； in those physical
theories of 〃evolution；〃 which are gaining more and more the assent of
our best zoologists and botanists。 All that they ask us to believe is； that
〃species〃 and 〃families；〃 and indeed the whole of organic nature； have
gone through； and may still be going through； some such development
from a lowest germ； as we know that every living individual； from the
lowest zoophyte to man himself； does actually go through。 They apply
to the whole of the living world； past； present； and future； the law which
is undeniably at work on each individual of it。 They may be wrong； or
they may be right： but what is there in such a conception contrary to
any doctrine … at least of the Church of England？ To say that this
cannot be true； that species cannot vary； because God； at the beginning；
created each thing 〃according to its kind；〃 is really to beg the question；
which is … Does the idea of 〃kind〃 include variability or not？ and if so；
how much variability？ Now； 〃kind；〃 or 〃species；〃 as we call it； is
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