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consideration。
;I TOO AM AN EPICUREAN;
_To William Short�察�with a Syllabus_
_Monticello�察�October 31�察�1819_
DEAR SIR�察 �Your favor of the 21st is received。 My late
illness�察�in which you are so kind as to feel an interest�察�was
produced by a spasmodic stricture of the ilium�察�which came upon me on
the 7th inst。 The crisis was short�察�passed over favorably on the
fourth day�察�and I should soon have been well but that a dose of
calomel and jalap�察�in which were only eight or nine grains of the
former�察�brought on a salivation。 Of this�察�however�察�nothing now
remains but a little soreness of the mouth。 I have been able to get
on horseback for three or four days past。
As you say of yourself�察�I too am an Epicurian。 I consider the
genuine ��not the imputed�� doctrines of Epicurus as containing
everything rational in moral philosophy which Greece and Rome have
left us。 Epictetus indeed�察�has given us what was good of the stoics��
all beyond�察�of their dogmas�察�being hypocrisy and grimace。 Their
great crime was in their calumnies of Epicurus and misrepresentations
of his doctrines�察�in which we lament to see the candid character of
Cicero engaging as an accomplice。 Diffuse�察�vapid�察�rhetorical�察�but
enchanting。 His prototype Plato�察�eloquent as himself�察�dealing out
mysticisms incomprehensible to the human mind�察�has been deified by
certain sects usurping the name of Christians�察�because�察�in his foggy
conceptions�察�they found a basis of impenetrable darkness whereon to
rear fabrications as delirious�察�of their own invention。 These they
fathered blasphemously on him whom they claimed as their founder�察�but
who would disclaim them with the indignation which their caricatures
of his religion so justly excite。 Of Socrates we have nothing
genuine but in the Memorabilia of Xenophon�察�for Plato makes him one
of his Collocutors merely to cover his own whimsies under the mantle
of his name�察�a liberty of which we are told Socrates himself
complained。 Seneca is indeed a fine moralist�察�disfiguring his work
at times with some Stoicisms�察�and affecting too much of antithesis
and point�察�yet giving us on the whole a great deal of sound and
practical morality。 But the greatest of all the reformers of the
depraved religion of his own country�察�was Jesus of Nazareth。
Abstracting what is really his from the rubbish in which it is
buried�察�easily distinguished by its lustre from the dross of his
biographers�察�and as separable from that as the diamond from the
dunghill�察�we have the outlines of a system of the most sublime
morality which has ever fallen from the lips of man�察�outlines which
it is lamentable he did not live to fill up。 Epictetus and Epicurus
give laws for governing ourselves�察�Jesus a supplement of the duties
and charities we owe to others。 The establishment of the innocent
and genuine character of this benevolent moralist�察�and the rescuing
it from the imputation of imposture�察�which has resulted from
artificial systems�察。�*�� invented by ultra´Christian sects��
unauthorized by a single word ever uttered by him�察�is a most
desirable object�察�and one to which Priestley has successfully devoted
his labors and learning。 It would in time�察�it is to be hoped�察�effect
a quiet euthanasia of the heresies of bigotry and fanaticism which
have so long triumphed over human reason�察�and so generally and deeply
afflicted mankind�察�but this work is to be begun by winnowing the
grain from the chaff of the historians of his life。 I have sometimes
thought of translating Epictetus ��for he has never been tolerable
translated into English�� by adding the genuine doctrines of Epicurus
from the Syntagma of Gassendi�察�and an abstract from the Evangelists
of whatever has the stamp of the eloquence and fine imagination of
Jesus。 The last I attempted too hastily some twelve or fifteen years
ago。 It was the work of two or three nights only�察�at Washington��
after getting through the evening task of reading the letters and
papers of the day。 But with one foot in the grave�察�these are now
idle projects for me。 My business is to beguile the wearisomeness of
declining life�察�as I endeavor to do�察�by the delights of classical
reading and of mathematical truths�察�and by the consolations of a
sound philosophy�察�equally indifferent to hope and fear。
��*�� _e。 g。_ The immaculate conception of Jesus�察�his
deification�察�the creation of the world by him�察�his miraculous powers��
his resurrection and visible ascension�察�his corporeal presence in the
Eucharist�察�the Trinity�察�original sin�察�atonement�察�regeneration��
election�察�orders of Hierarchy�察�&c。
I take the liberty of observing that you are not a true
disciple of our master Epicurus�察�in indulging the indolence to which
you say you are yielding。 One of his canons�察�you know�察�was that ;the
indulgence which prevents a greater pleasure�察�or produces a greater
pain�察�is to be avoided。; Your love of repose will lead�察�in its
progress�察�to a suspension of healthy exercise�察�a relaxation of mind��
an indifference to everything around you�察�and finally to a debility
of body�察�and hebetude of mind�察�the farthest of all things from the
happiness which the well´regulated indulgences of Epicurus ensure��
fortitude�察�you know�察�is one of his four cardinal virtues。 That
teaches us to meet and surmount difficulties�察�not to fly from them��
like cowards�察�and to fly�察�too�察�in vain�察�for they will meet and arrest
us at every turn of our road。 Weigh this matter well�察�brace yourself
up�察�take a seat with Correa�察�and come and see the finest portion of
your country�察�which�察�if you have not forgotten�察�you still do not
know�察�because it is no longer the same as when you knew it。 It will
add much to the happiness of my recovery to be able to receive Correa
and yourself�察�and prove the estimation in which I hold you both。
Come�察�too�察�and see our incipient University�察�which has advanced with
great activitiy this year。 By the end of the next�察�we shall have
elegant accommodations for seven professors�察�and the year following
the professors themselves。 No secondary character will be received
among them。 Either the ablest which America or Europe can furnish��
or none at all。 They will give us the selected society of a great
city separated from the dissipations and levities of its ephemeral
insects。
I am glad the bust of Condorcet has been saved and so well
placed。 His genius should be before us�察�while the lamentable�察�but
singular act of ingratitude which tarnished his latter days�察�may be
thrown behind us。
I will place under this a syllabus of the doctrines of
Epicurus�察�somewhat in the lapidary style�察�which I wrote some twenty
years ago�察�a like one of the philosophy of Jesus�察�of nearly the same
age�察�is too long to be copied。 _Vale�察�et tibi persuade carissimum te
esse mihi_。
_Syllabus of the doctrines of Epicurus。_
_Physical_。 The Universe eternal。
Its parts�察�great and small�察�interchangeable。
Matter and Void alone。
Motion inherent in matter which is weighty and declining。
Eternal circulation of the elements of bodies。
Gods�察�an order of beings next superior to man�察�enjoying in
their sphere�察�their own felicities�察�but not meddling with the
concerns of the scale of beings below them。
_Moral_。 Happiness the aim of life。
Virtue the foundation of happiness。
Utility the test of virtue。
Pleasure active and In´do´lent。
In´do´lence is the absence of pain�察�the true felicity。
Active�察�consists in agreeable motion�察�it is not happiness�察�but
the means to produce it。
Thus the absence of hunger is an article of felicity�察�eating
the means to obtain it。
The _summum bonum_ is to be not pained in body�察�nor troubled in
mind。
_i。 e。_ In´do´lence of body�察�tranquillity of mind。
To procure tranquillity of mind we must avoid desire and fear��
the two principal diseases of the mind。
Man is a free agent。
Virtue consists in 1。 Prudence。 2。 Temperance。 3。 Fortitude。 4。
Justice。
To which are opposed�察�1。 Folly。 2。 Desire。 3。 Fear。 4。 Deceit。
;A FIRE BELL IN THE NIGHT;
_To John Holmes_
_Monticello�察�April 22�察�1820_
I thank you�察�dear Sir�察�for the copy you have been so kind as to
send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question。
It is a perfect justification to them。 I had for a long time ceased
to read newspapers�察�or pay any attention to public affairs�察�confident
they were in good hands�察�and content to be a passenger in our bark to
the shore from which I am not distant。 But this momentous question��
like a fire bell in the night�察�awakened and filled me with terror。 I
considered it at once as the knell of the Union。 It is hushed��
indeed�察�for the moment。 But this is a reprieve only�察�not a final
sentence。 A geographical line�察�coinciding with a marked principle��
moral and political�察�once conceived and held up to the angry passions
of men�察�will never be obliterated�察�and every new irritation will mark
it deeper and deeper。 I can say�察�with conscious truth�察�that there is
not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve
us from this heavy reproach�察�in any _practicable_ way。 The cession
of that kind of property�察�for so it is misnamed�察�is a bagatelle which
would not cost me a second thought�察�if�察�in that way�察�a general
emancipation and _expatriation_ could be effected�察�and gradually�察�and
with due sacrifices�察�I think it might be。 But as it is�察�we have the
wolf by the ears�察�and we can neither hold him�察�nor safely let him go。
Justice is in one scale�察�and self´preservation in the other。 Of one
thing I am certain�察�that as the passage of slaves from one State to
another�察�would not make a slave of a single human being who would not
be so without it�察�so their diffusion over a greater surface would
make them individually happier�察�and proportionally facilitate the
accomplishment of their emancipation�察�by dividing the burthen on a
greater number of coadjutors。 An abstinence too�察�from this act of
power�察�would remove the jealousy excited by the undertaking of
Congress to regulate the condition of the different descriptions of
men composing a State。 This certainly is the exclusive right of
every State�察�which nothing in the constitution has taken from them
and given to the General Government。 Could Congress�察�for example��
say�察�that the non´freemen of Connecticut shall be freemen�察�or that
they shall not emigrate into any other State��
I regret that I am now to die in the belief�察�that the useless
sacrifice of themselves by the generation of 1776�察�to acquire
self´government and happiness to their country�察�is to be thrown away
by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons�察�and tha