the sequel of appomattox-第3章

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n　were　not；　on　the　whole；　so　bad　as　might　have　been　expected。　If　the　commanding　officer　were　well　disposed；　there　was　little　danger　of　friction；　though　sometimes　his　troops　got　out　of　hand。　The　regulars　had　a　better　reputation　than　the　volunteers。　The　Confederate　soldiers　were　surfeited　with　fighting；　but　the　〃stay…at…home〃　element　was　often　a　cause　of　trouble。　The　problem　of　social　relations　between　the　conquerors　and　the　conquered　was　troublesome。　The　men　might　get　along　well　together；　but　the　women　would　have　nothing　do　with　the　〃Yankees；〃　and　ill　feeling　arose　because　of　their　antipathy。　Carl　Schurz　reported　that　〃the　soldier　of　the　Union　is　looked　upon　as　a　stranger；　an　intruder；　as　the　'Yankee；'　the　'enemy。'　。　。　。　The　existence　and　intensity　of　this　aversion　is　too　well　known　to　those　who　have　served　or　are　serving　in　the　South　to　require　proof。〃

In　retaliation　the　soldiers　developed　ingenious　ways　of　annoying　the　whites。　Women；　forced　for　any　reason　to　go　to　headquarters；　were　made　to　take　the　oath　of　allegiance　or　the　〃ironclad〃　oath　before　their　requests　were　granted；　flags　were　fastened　over　doors；　gates；　or　sidewalks　in　order　to　irritate　the　recalcitrant　dames　and　their　daughters。　Confederate　songs　and　color　combinations　were　forbidden。　In　Richmond；　General　Halleck　ordered　that　no　marriages　be　performed　unless　the　bride；　the　groom；　and　the　officiating　clergyman　took　the　oath　of　allegiance。　He　explained　this　as　a　measure　taken　to　prevent　〃the　propagation　of　legitimate　rebels。〃

The　wearing　of　Confederate　uniforms　was　forbidden　by　military　order；　but　by　May　1865；　few　soldiers　possessed　regulation　uniforms。　In　Tennessee　the　State　also　imposed　fines　upon　*wear　wearers　of　the　uniform。　In　the　vicinity　of　military　posts；　buttons　and　marks　of　rank　were　usually　ordered　removed　and　the　gray　clothes　dyed　with　some　other　color。　General　Lee；　for　example；　had　the　buttons　on　his　coat　covered　with　cloth。　But　frequently　the　Federal　commander；　after　issuing　the　orders；　paid　no　more　attention　to　the　matter　and　such　conflicts　as　arose　on　account　of　the　uniform　were　usually　caused　by　officious　enlisted　men　and　the　Negro　troops。　Whitelaw　Reid　relates　the　following　incident：

〃Nothing　was　more　touching；　in　all　that　I　saw　in　Savannah；　than　the　almost　painful　effort　of　the　rebels；　from　generals　down　to　privates；　to　conduct　themselves　so　as　to　evince　respect　for　our　soldiers；　and　to　bring　no　severer　punishment　upon　the　city　than　it　had　already　received。　There　was　a　brutal　scene　at　the　hotel；　where　a　drunken　sergeant；　with　a　pair　of　tailor's　shears；　insisted　on　cutting　the　buttons　from　the　uniform　of　an　elegant　gray…headed　old　brigadier；　who　had　just　come　in　from　Johnston's　army；　but　he　bore　himself　modestly　and　very　handsomely　through　it。　His　staff　was　composed　of　fine…looking；　stalwart　fellows；　evidently　gentlemen；　who　appeared　intensely　mortified　at　such　treatment。　They　had　no　clothes　except　their　rebel　uniforms；　and　had；　as　yet；　had　no　time　to　procure　others；　but　they　avoided　disturbances　and　submitted　to　what　they　might；　with　some　propriety；　and　with　the　general　approval　of　our　officers；　*have　resented。〃

The　Negro　troops；　even　at　their　best；　were　everywhere　considered　offensive　by　the　native　whites。　General　Grant；　indeed；　urged　that　only　white　troops　be　used　to　garrison　the　interior。　But　the　Negro　soldier；　impudent　by　reason　of　his　new　freedom；　his　new　uniform；　and　his　new　gun；　was　more　than　Southern　temper　could　tranquilly　bear；　and　race　conflicts　were　frequent。　A　New　Orleans　newspaper　thus　states　the　Southern　point　of　view：　〃Our　citizens　who　had　been　accustomed　to　meet　and　treat　the　Negroes　only　as　respectful　servants；　were　mortified；　pained；　and　shocked　to　encounter　them　。　。　。　wearing　Federal　uniforms　and　bearing　bright　muskets　and　gleaming　bayonets　。　。　。　。　They　are　jostled　from　the　sidewalks　by　dusky　guards；　marching　four　abreast。　They　were　halted；　in　rude　and　sullen　tones；　by　Negro　sentinels。〃

The　task　of　the　Federal　forces　was　not　easy。　The　garrisons　were　not　large　enough　nor　numerous　enough　to　keep　order　in　the　absence　of　civil　government。　The　commanders　in　the　South　asked　in　vain　for　cavalry　to　police　the　rural　districts。　Much　of　the　disorder；　violence；　and　incendiarism　attributed　at　the　time　to　lawless　soldiers　appeared　later　to　be　due　to　discharged　soldiers　and　others　pretending　to　be　soldiers　in　order　to　carry　out　schemes　of　robbery。　The　whites　complained　vigorously　of　the　garrisons；　and　petitions　were　sent　to　Washington　from　mass　meetings　and　from　state　legislatures　asking　for　their　removal。　The　higher　commanders；　however；　bore　themselves　well；　and　in　a　few　fortunate　cases　Southern　whites　were　on　most　amicable　terms　with　the　garrison　commanders。　The　correspondence　of　responsible　military　officers　in　the　South　shows　how　earnestly　and　considerately　each；　as　a　rule；　tried　to　work　out　his　task。　The　good　sense　of　most　of　the　Federal　officers　appeared　when；　after　the　murder　of　Lincoln；　even　General　Grant　for　a　brief　space　lost　his　head　and　ordered　the　arrest　of　paroled　Confederates。


The　church　organizations　were　as　much　involved　in　the　war　and　in　the　reconstruction　as　were　secular　institutions。　Before　the　war　every　religious　organization　having　members　North　and　South；　except　the　Catholic　Church　and　the　Jews；　had　separated　into　independent　Northern　and　Southern　bodies。　In　each　section　church　feeling　ran　high；　and　when　the　war　came；　the　churches　supported　the　armies。　As　the　Federal　armies　occupied　Southern　territory；　the　church　buildings　of　each　denomination　were　turned　over　to　the　corresponding　Northern　body；　and　Southern　ministers　were　permitted　to　remain　only　upon　agreeing　to　conduct　〃loyal　services；　pray　for　the　President　of　the　United　States　and　for　Federal　victories〃　and　to　foster　〃loyal　sentiment。〃　The　Protestant　Episcopal　churches　in　Alabama　were　closed　from　September　to　December　1865；　and　some　congregations　were　dispersed　by　the　soldiers　because　Bishop　Wilmer　had　directed　his　clergy　to　omit　the　prayer　for　President　Davis　but　had　substituted　no　other。　The　ministers　of　non…liturgical　churches　were　not　so　easily　controlled。　A　Georgia　Methodist　preacher　directed　by　a　Federal　officer　to　pray　for　the　President　said　afterwards：　〃I　prayed　for　the　President　that　the　Lord　would　take　out　of　him　and　his　allies　the　hearts　of　beasts　and　put　into　them　the　hearts　of　men　or　remove　the　cusses　from　office。〃　Sometimes　members　of　a　congregation　showed　their　resentment　at　the　〃loyal〃　prayers　by　leaving　the　church。　But　in　spite　of　many　irritations；　both　sides　frequently　managed　to　get　some　amusement　out　of　the　〃loyal〃　services。　The　church　situation　was；　however；　a　serious　matter　during　and　after　the　reconstruction；　and　some　of　its　later　phases　will　have　to　be　discussed　elsewhere。

The　Unionist；　or　〃Tory；〃　of　the　lower　and　eastern　South　found　himself；　in　1865；　a　man　without　a　country。　Few　in　number　in　any　community；　they　found　themselves；　upon　their　return　from　a　harsh　exile；　the　victims　of　ostracism　or　open　hostility。　One　of　them；　William　H。　Smith；　later　Governor　of　Alabama；　testified　that　the　Southern　people　〃manifest　the　most　perfect　contempt　for　a　man　who　is　known　to　be　an　unequivocal　Union　man；　they　call　him　a　'galvanized　Yankee'　and　apply　other　terms　and　epithets　to　him。〃　General　George　H。　Thomas；　speaking　of　a　region　more　divided　in　sentiment　than　Alabama；　remarked　that　〃Middle　Tennessee　is　disturbed　by　animosities　and　hatreds；　much　more　than　it　is　by　the　disloyalty　of　persons　towards　the　Government　of　the　United　States。

Those　personal　animosities　would　break　out　and　overawe　the　civil　authorities；　but　for　the　presence　there　of　the　troops　of　the　United　States　。　。　。　。　They　are　more　unfriendly　to　Union　men；　natives　of　the　State　of　Tennessee；　or　of　the　South；　who　have　been　in　the　Union　army；　than　they　are　to　men　of　Northern　birth。〃

In　the　border　states；　society　was　sharply　divided；　and　feeling　was　bitter。　In　eastern　Tennessee；　eastern　Kentucky；　West　Virginia；　and　parts　of　Arkansas　and　Missouri；　returning　Confederates　met　harsher　treatment　than　did　the　Unionists　in　the　lower　South。　Trowbridge　says　of　east　Tennessee：　〃Returning　rebels　were　robbed；　and　if　one　had　stolen　unawares　to　his　home；　it　was　not　safe　for　him　to　remain　there。　I　saw　in　Virginia　one　of　these　exiles；　who　told　me　how　homesickly　he　pined　for　the　hills　and　meadows　of　east　Tennessee；　which　he　thought　the　most　delightful　region　in　the　world。　But；　there　was　a　rope　hanging　from　a　tree　for　him　there；　and　he　dared　not　go　back。　'The　bottom　rails　are　on　top；'　said　he；　'that　is　the　trouble。'　The　Union　element；　and　the　worst　part　of　the　Union　element；　was　uppermost。〃　Confederates　and　Confederate　sympathizers　in　Maryland；　West　Virginia；　Tennessee；　and　Kentucky；　were　disfranchised。　In　West　Virginia；　Tennessee；　and　Missouri；　〃war　trespass〃　suits　were　brought　against　returning　Confederates　for　military　acts　done　in　war　time。　In　Missouri　and　West　Virginia；　strict　test　oaths　excluded　Confederates　from　office；　from　the　polls；　and　from　the　professions　of　teaching；　preaching；　and　law。　On　the　other　hand　in　central　and　western　Kentucky；　the　predominant　Unionist　population；　themselves　suffering　through　the　abolition　of　slavery；　and　by　the　objectionable　operations　of　the　Freedmen's　Bureau　and　the　unwise　military　administration；　showed　more　sympathy　for　the　Confederates；　welcomed　them　home；　and　soon　relieved　them　of　all　restrictions。

Still　another　element　of　discord　was　added　by　the　Northerners　who　came　to　exploit　the　South。　Many　mustered…out　soldiers　proposed　to　stay。　Speculators　of　all　kinds　followed　the　withdrawing　Confederate　lines　and　with　the　conclusion　of　peace　spread　through　the　country；　but　they　were　not　cordially　received。　With　the　better　class；　the　Southerners；　especially　the　soldiers；　associated　freely　if　seldom　intimately。　But　the　conduct　of　a　few　of　their　number　who　considered　that　the　war　had　opened　all　doors　to　them；　who　very　freely　expressed　their　views；　gave　advice；　condemned　old　customs；　and　were　generally　offensive；　did　much　to　bring　all　Northerners　into　disrepute。　Tactlessly　critical　letters　published　in　Northern　papers　did　not　add　to　their　popularity。　The　few　Northern　women　felt　the　ostracism　more　keenly　than　did　the　men。　Benjamin　C。　Truman；　an　agent　of　President　Johnson；　thus　summed　up　the　situation：　〃There　is　a　prevalent　disposition　not　to　associate　too　freely　with　Northern　men　or　to　receive　them　into　the　circles　of　society；　but　it　is　far　from　unsurmountable。　Over　Southern　society；　as　over　every　other；　woman　reigns　supreme；　and　they　are　more　embittered　against　those　whom　they　deem　the　authors　of　all　their　calamities　than　are　their　brothers；　sons；　and　husbands。〃　But；　of　the　thousands　of　Northern　men　who　overcame　the　reluctance　of　the　Southerners　to　social　intercourse；　little　was　heard。　Many　a　Southern　planter　secured　a　Northern　partner　or　sold　him　half　his　plantation　to　get　money　to　run　the　other　half。　For　the　irritations　of　1865；　each　party　must　take　its　share　of　responsibility。

Had　the　South　assisted　in　a　skillful　and　adequate　publicity；　much　disastrous　misunderstanding　might　have　been　avoided。　The　North　knew　as　little　of　the　South　as　the　South　did　of　the　North；　but　the　North　was　eager　for　news。　Able　newspaper　correspondents　like　Sidney　Andrews　of　the　Boston　Advertise