a record of buddhistic kingdoms(佛都记录)-第12章
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and sometimes more。 See the subject exhaustively treated in Davids'
〃Ceylon Coins and Measures；〃 pp。 15…17。
＇2＇ The present Hilda； west of Peshawur； and five miles south of
Jellalabad。
＇3＇ 〃The vihara；〃 says Hardy； 〃is the residence of a recluse or priest；〃
and so Davids：'the clean little hut where the mendicant lives。〃 Our author；
however； does not use the Indian name here； but the Chinese characters
which express its meaningtsing shay； 〃a pure dwelling。〃 He uses the term
occasionally； and evidently； in this sense； more frequently it occurs in his
narrative in connexion with the Buddhist relic worship； and at first I
translated it by 〃shrine〃 and 〃shrine…house；〃 but I came to the conclusion；
at last； to employ always the Indian name。 The first time I saw a shrine…
house was； I think； in a monastery near Foo…chow；a small pyramidical
structure； about ten feet high； glittering as if with the precious substances；
but all； it seemed to me； of tinsel。 It was in a large apartment of the
building； having many images in it。 The monks said it was the most
precious thing in their possession； and that if they opened it； as I begged
them to do； there would be a convulsion that would destroy the whole
establishment。 See E。 H。； p。 166。 The name of the province of Behar was
given to it in consequence of its many viharas。
＇4＇ According to the characters； 〃square； round； four inches。〃 Hsuan…
chwang says it was twelve inches round。
＇5＇ In Williams' Dictionary； under ｛。｝； the characters； used here； are
employed in the phrase for 〃to degrade an officer；〃 that is； 〃to remove the
token of his rank worn on the crown of his head；〃 but to place a thing on
the crown is a Buddhistic form of religious homage。
＇6＇ The Vaisyas； or bourgeois caste of Hindu society； are described
here as 〃resident scholars。〃
＇7＇ See Eitel's Handbook under the name vimoksha； which is
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explained as 〃the act of self…liberation；〃 and 〃the dwelling or state of
liberty。〃 There are eight acts of liberating one's self from all subjective and
objective trammels； and as many states of liberty （vimukti） resulting
therefrom。 They are eight degrees of self… inanition； and apparently eight
stages on the way to nirvana。 The tope in the text would be emblematic in
some way of the general idea of the mental progress conducting to the
Buddhistic consummation of existence。
＇8＇ This incense would be in long 〃sticks；〃 small and large； such as are
sold to…day throughout China； as you enter the temples。
＇9＇ 〃The illuminating Buddha；〃 the twenty…fourth predecessor of
Sakyamuni； and who； so long before； gave him the assurance that he
would by…and…by be Buddha。 See Jataka Tales； p。 23。
＇10＇ The staff was； as immediately appears； of Gosirsha Chandana； or
〃sandal…wood from the Cow's…head mountain；〃 a species of copper…brown
sandal…wood； said to be produced most abundantly on a mountain of （the
fabulous continent） Ullarakuru； north of mount Meru； which resembles in
shape the head of a cow （E。 H。； pp。 42； 43）。 It is called a 〃pewter staff〃
from having on it a head and rings and pewter。 See Watters； 〃China
Review；〃 viii； pp。 227； 228； and Williams' Dictionary； under ｛。｝。
＇11＇ Or Sanghati； the double or composite robe； part of a monk's attire；
reaching from the shoulders to the knees； and fastened round the waist （E。
H。； p。 118）。
＇12＇ These were the 〃marks and beauties〃 on the person of a supreme
Buddha。 The rishi Kala Devala saw them on the body of the infant Sakya
prince to the number of 328； those on the teeth； which had not yet come
out； being visible to his spirit…like eyes （M。 B。； pp。 148； 149）。
＇13＇ Probably=〃all Buddhas。〃
＇14＇ The number may appear too great。 But see what is said on the size
of topes in chapter iii； note 4。
＇15＇ In Singhalese； Pase Buddhas； called also Nidana Buddhas； and
Pratyeka Jinas； and explained by 〃individually intelligent；〃 〃completely
intelligent；〃 〃intelligent as regards the nidanas。〃 This； says Eitel （pp。 96；
97）； is 〃a degree of saintship unknown to primitive Buddhism； denoting
automats in ascetic life who attain to Buddhaship 'individually；' that is；
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without a teacher； and without being able to save others。 As the ideal
hermit； the Pratyeka Buddha is compared with the rhinoceros khadga that
lives lonely in the wilderness。 He is also called Nidana Buddha； as having
mastered the twelve nidanas （the twelve links in the everlasting chain of
cause and effect in the whole range of existence； the understanding of
which solves the riddle of life； revealing the inanity of all forms of
existence； and preparing the mind for nirvana）。 He is also compared to a
horse； which； crossing a river； almost buries its body under the water；
without； however； touching the bottom of the river。 Thus in crossing
samsara he 'suppresses the errors of life and thought； and the effects of
habit and passion； without attaining to absolute perfection。'〃 Whether these
Buddhas were unknown； as Eitel says； to primitive Buddhism； may be
doubted。 See Davids' Hibbert Lectures； p。 146。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
CHAPTER XIV
DEATH OF HWUY…KING IN THE LITTLE SNOWY MOUNTAINS。
LO…E。 POHNA。 CROSSING THE INDUS TO THE EAST。
Having stayed there till the third month of winter； Fa…hien and the two
others；＇1＇ proceeding southwards； crossed the Little Snowy mountains。＇2＇
On them the snow lies accumulated both winter and summer。 On the north
（side） of the mountains； in the shade； they suddenly encountered a cold
wind which made them shiver and become unable to speak。 Hwuy…king
could not go any farther。 A white froth came from his mouth； and he said
to Fa…hien； 〃I cannot live any longer。 Do you immediately go away； that
we do not all die here；〃 and with these words he died。＇3＇ Fa…hien stroked
the corpse； and cried out piteously； 〃Our original plan has failed；it is
fate。＇4＇ What can we do？〃 He then again exerted himself； and they
succeeded in crossing to the south of the range； and arrived in the kingdom
of Lo…e；＇5＇ where there were nearly three thousand monks； students of
both the mahayana and hinayana。 Here they stayed for the summer
retreat；＇6＇ and when that was over； they went on to the south； and ten days'
journey brought them to the kingdom of Poh…na；＇7＇ where there are also
more than three thousand monks； all students of the hinayana。 Proceeding
from this place for three days； they again crossed the Indus； where the
country on each side was low and level。＇8＇
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NOTES
＇1＇ These must have been Tao…ching and Hwuy…king。
＇2＇ Probably the Safeid Koh； and on the way to the Kohat pass。
＇3＇ All the texts have Kwuy…king。 See chapter xii； note 13。
＇4＇ A very natural exclamation； but out of place and inconsistent from
the lips of Fa…hien。 The Chinese character ｛。｝； which he employed； may be
rendered rightly by 〃fate〃 or 〃destiny；〃 but the fate is not unintelligent。
The term implies a factor； or fa…tor； and supposes the ordination of Heaven
or God。 A Confucian idea for the moment overcame his Buddhism。
＇5＇ Lo…e； or Rohi； is a name for Afghanistan； but only a portion of it
can be here intended。
＇6＇ We are now therefore in 404。
＇7＇ No doubt the present district of Bannu； in the Lieutenant…
Governorship of the Punjab； between 32d 10s and 33d 15s N。 lat。； and 70d
26s and 72d E。 lon。 See Hunter's Gazetteer of India； i； p。 393。
＇8＇ They had then crossed the Indus before。 They had done so； indeed；
twice； first； from north to south； at Skardo or east of it； and second； as
described in chapter vii。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
CHAPTER XV
BHIDA。 SYMPATHY OF MONKS WITH THE PILGRIMS。
After they had crossed the river； there was a country named Pe… t'oo；＇1＇
where Buddhism was very flourishing； and （the monks） studied both the
mahayana and hinayana。 When they saw their fellow…disciples from Ts'in
passing along； they were moved with great pity and sympathy； and
expressed themselves thus： 〃How is it that these men from a border…land
should have learned to become monks；＇2＇ and come for the sake of our
doctrines from such a distance in search of the Law of Buddha？〃 They
supplied them with what they needed； and treated them in accordance with
the rules of the Law。
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NOTES
＇1＇ Bhida。 Eitel says； 〃The present Punjab；〃 i。e。 it was a portion of that。
＇2＇ 〃To come forth from their families；〃 that is； to become celibates；
and adopt the tonsure。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
CHAPTER XVI
ON TO MATHURA OR MUTTRA。 CONDITION AND CUSTOMS
OF CENTRAL INDIA； OF THE MONKS； VIHARAS； AND
MONASTERIES。
From this place they travelled south…east； passing by a succession of
very many monasteries； with a multitude of monks； who might be counted
by myriads。 After passing all these places； they came to a country named
Ma…t'aou…lo。＇1＇ They still followed the course
