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及12嫗

the religion of babylonia and assyria-及12嫗

弌傍�� the religion of babylonia and assyria 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��



 was a female at sunset�察�and a male at sunrise�察�I��tar of Agad└ ��Akad or Akkad�� at sunrise�察�and I��tar of Erech at sunset�此�I��tar of the stars at sunrise�察�and the lady of the gods at sunset。


                      And in the various months。

I��tar was identified with Nin´si´anna in the first month of the year ��Nisan = March´April���察�with the star of the bow in Ab ��August´ September���察�etc。 In Sebat ��January´February�� she was the star of the water´channel�察�Ik�殖察�which was Merodach's star in Sivan ��May´June���察�and in Marcheswan her star was Rabbu�察�which also belonged to Merodach in the same month。 It will thus be seen�察�that Babylonian astronomy is far from being as clear as would be desired�察�but doubtless many difficulties will disappear when further inscriptions are available。


                   Stars identified with Merodach。

The same fragment gives the celestial names of Merodach for every month of the year�察�from which it would appear�察�that the astrologers called him Umun´sig´┷a in Nisan ��March´April���察�Dapinu in Tammuz ��June´ July���察�Nibiru in Tisri ��September´October���察。�arru ��the star Regulus���察�in Tebet ��December´January���察�etc。 The first three are names by which the planet Jupiter was known。

As for the planets and stars�察�so also for the constellations�察�which are identified with many gods and divine beings�察�and probably contain references�察�in their names and descriptions�察�to many legends。 In the sixth tablet of the Creation´series�察�it is related of Merodach that�察�after creating the heavens and the stations for Anu�察�B┷l�察�and Ae��

  ;He built firmly the stations of the great gods   Stars their likenesshe set up the /Lumali/�察  �He designated the year�察�he outlined the ��heavenly�� forms。   He set for the twelve months three stars each�察  �From the day when the year begins�察 � 。 。 for signs。;

As pointed out by Mr。 Robert Brown�察�jr。�察�who has made a study of these things�察�the ;three stars; for each month occur on one of the remains of planispheres in the British Museum�察�and are completed by a tablet which gives them in list´form�察�in one case with explanations。 Until these are properly identified�察�however�察�it will be impossible to estimate their real value。 The signs of the Zodiac�察�which are given by another tablet�察�are of greater interest�察�as they are the originals of those which are in use at the present time��

Month                   Sign                                Equivalent

Nisan ��Mar。´Apr。��       The Labourer                        The Ram Iyyar ��Apr。´May��        /Mulmula/ and the Bull of heaven    The Bull Sivan ��May´June��        /Sib´zi´anna/ and the great Twins   The Twins Tammuz ��June´July��      /Allul/ or /Nagar/                  The Crab Ab ��July。´Aug。��         The Lion ��or dog��                   The Lion Elul ��Aug。´Sep。��        The Ear of corn�┌殖�                  The ear of Corn ��Virgo�� Tisri ��Sep。´Oct。��       The Scales                          The Scales Marcheswan ��Oct。´Nov。��  The Scorpion                        The Scorpion Chisleu ��Nov。´Dec。��     /Pa´bil´sag/                        The Archer Tebet ��Dec。´Jan。��       /Sahar´ma��/�察�the Fish´kid           The Goat Sebat ��Jan。´Feb。��       /Gula/                              The Water´bearer Adar ��Feb。´Mar。��        The Water Channel and the Tails     The Fishes


                   Parallels in Babylonian legends。

The ;bull of heaven; probably refers to some legend such as that of the story of Gilgame�拭�in his conflict with the goddess I��tar when the divine bull was killed�察�/Sib´zi´anna/�察 �the faithful shepherd of heaven�察─�suggests that this constellation may refer to Tammuz�察�the divine shepherd�察�whilst ;the scorpion; reminds us of the scorpion´men who guarded the gate of the sun �┌�ama�殖��察�when Gilgame�拭�was journeying to gain information concerning his friend Enki´du�察�who had departed to the place of the dead。 Sir Henry Rawlinson many years ago pointed out that the story of the Flood occupied the eleventh tablet of the Gilgame�拭�series�察�corresponding with the eleventh sign of the Zodiac�察�Aquarius�察�or the Water´bearer。


                          Other star´names。

Other names of stars or constellations include ;the weapon of Merodach's hand�察─�probably that with which he slew the dragon of Chaos�察 �the Horse�察─�which is described as ;the god Z�殖察─�Rimmon's storm´birdPegasus�察 �the Serpent�察─�explained as Ere�拭�ki´gal�察�the queen of Hades�察�who would therefore seem to have been conceived in that form�察 �the Scorpion�察─�which is given as /I��hara tantim/�察 �I��hara of the sea�察─�a description difficult to explain�察�unless it refer to her as the goddess of the Ph��nician coast。 Many other identifications�察�exceedingly interesting�察�await solution。


          How the gods were represented。 On cylinder´seals。

Many representations of the gods occur�察�both on bas´reliefs�察�boundary´ stones�察�and cylindrical and ordinary seals。 Unfortunately�察�their identification generally presents more or less difficulty�察�on account of the absence of indications of their identity。 On a small cylinder´ seal in the possession of the Rev。 Dr。 W。 Hayes Ward�察�Merodach is shown striding along the serpentine body of Tiawath�察�who turns her head to attack him�察�whilst the god threatens her with a pointed weapon which he carries。 Another�察�published by the same scholar�察�shows a deity�察�whom he regards as being Merodach�察�driven in a chariot drawn by a winged lion�察�upon whose shoulders stands a naked goddess�察�holding thunderbolts in each hand�察�whom he describes as Zer´pan��tum。 Another cylinder´seal shows the corn´deity�察�probably Nisaba�察�seated in flounced robe and horned hat�察�with corn´stalks springing out from his shoulders�察�and holding a twofold ear of corn in his hand�察�whilst an attendant introduces�察�and another with a threefold ear of corn follows�察�a man carrying a plough�察�apparently as an offering。 On another�察�a beautiful specimen from Assyria�察�I��tar is shown standing on an Assyrian lion�察�which turns his head as if to caress her feet。 As goddess of war�察�she is armed with bow and arrows�察�and her star is represented upon the crown of her tiara。


                       On boundary´stones�察�etc。

On the boundary´stones of Babylonia and the royal monoliths of Assyria the emblems of the gods are nearly always seen。 Most prominent are three horned tiaras�察�emblematic�察�probably�察�of Merodach�察�Anu�察�and B┷l ��the older��。 A column ending in a ram's head is used for ┷a or Ae�察�a crescent for Sin or Nannar�察�the moon´god�察�a disc with rays for ��ama�殖察�the sun´god�察�a thunderbolt for Rimmon or Hadad�察�the god of thunder�察�lightning�察�wind�察�and storms�察�a lamp for Nusku�察�etc。 A bird�察�perhaps a hawk�察�stood for Utu´gi��gallu�察�a deity whose name has been translated ;the southern sun�察─�and is explained in the bilingual inscriptions as ��ama�殖察�the sun´god�察�and Nirig�察�one of the gods of war。 The emblem of Gal´alim�察�who is identified with the older B┷l�察�is a snarling dragon's head forming the termination of a pole�察�and that of Dun´a��aga is a bird's head similarly posed。 On a boundary´stone of the time of Nebuchadnezzar I。�察�about 1120 B。C。�察�one of the signs of the gods shows a horse's head in a kind of shrine�察�probably the emblem of Rimmon's storm´bird�察�Z�殖察�the Babylonian Pegasus。


                        Other divine figures。

One of the finest of all the representations of divinities is that of the ;Sun´god´stone�察─�found by Mr。 Hormuzd Rassam at Abu´habbah ��the ancient Sippar���察�which was one of the chief seats of his worship。 It represents him�察�seated in his shrine�察�holding in his hand a staff and a ring�察�his usual emblems�察�typifying his position as judge of the world and his endless course。 The position of Merodach as sun´god is confirmed by the small lapis´lazuli relief found by the German expedition at the mound known as Amran ibn 'Ali�察�as he also carries a staff and a ring�察�and his robe is covered with ornamental circles�察�showing�察�in all probability�察�his solar nature。 In the same place another small relief representing Rimmon or Hadad was found。 His robe has discs emblematical of the five planets�察�and he holds in each hand a thunderbolt�察�one of which he is about to launch forth。 Merodach is accompanied by a large two´horned dragon�察�whilst Hadad has a small winged dragon�察�typifying the swiftness of his course�察�and another animal�察�both of which he holds with cords。



                              CHAPTER V

                 THE DEMONS�此�EXORCISMS AND CEREMONIES

Good and evil spirits�察�gods and demons�察�were fully believed in by the Babylonians and Assyrians�察�and many texts referring to them exist。 Naturally it is not in some cases easy to distinguish well between the special functions of these supernatural appearances which they supposed to exist�察�but their nature is�察�in most cases�察�easily ascertained from the inscriptions。

To all appearance�察�the Babylonians imagined that spirits resided everywhere�察�and lay in wait to attack mankind�察�and to each class�察�apparently�察�a special province in bringing misfortune�察�or tormenting�察�or causing pain and sickness�察�was assigned。 All the spirits�察�however�察�were not evil�察�even those whose names would suggest that their character was suchthere were good ;liers in wait�察─�for instance�察�as well as evil ones�察�whose attitude towards mankind was beneficent。

The /utukku/。 This was a spirit which was supposed to do the will of Anu�察�the god of the heavens。 There was the /utukku/ of the plain�察�the mountains�察�the sea�察�and the grave。

The /al��/。 Regarded as the demon of the storm�察�and possibly�察�in its origin�察�the same as the divine bull sent by I��tar to attack Gilgame�殖察�and killed by Enki´du。 It spread itself over a man�察�overpowering him upon his bed�察�and attacking his breast。

The /┷dimmu/。 This is generally�察�but wrongly�察�read /┷kimmu/�察�and translated ;the seizer�察─�from /┷kemu/�察 �to seize。; In reality�察�however�察�it was an ordinary spirit�察�and the word is used for the wraiths of the departed。 The ;evil /┷dimmu/; was apparently regarded as attacking the middle part of a man。

The /gallu/。 As this word is borrowed from the Sumerian /galla/�察�which has a dialectic form�察�/mulla/�察�it is not improbable that it may be connected with the word /mula/�察�meaning ;star�察─�and suggesting something which is visible by the light it givespossibly a will´o'´ the´wisp��though others are inclined to regard the word as being connected with /gala/�察 �great。; In any case�察�its meaning seems to have become very similar to ;evil spirit; or ;devil; in general�察�and is an epithet applied by the Assyrian king A�殖�ur´bani´apli to Te´umman�察�the Elamite king against whom he fought。

The /��lu limnu/�察 �evil god�察─�was probably originally one of the deities of Tiawath's brood�察�upon whom Merodach's redemption had had no effect。

The /rabisu/ is regarded as a spirit which lay in wait to pounce upon his prey。

The /labartu/�察�in Sumerian /dimme/�察�was a female demon。 There were seven evil spirits of this kind�察�who were apparently regarded as being daughters of Anu�察�the god of the heavens。

The /labasu/�察�in Sumerian /dimmea/�察�was apparently a spirit which overthrew�察�that being the meaning of the root from which the word comes。

The /ahhazu/�察�in Sumerian /dimme´kur/�察�was apparently so called as ;the seizer�察─�that being the meaning indicated by the root。

The /lilu/�察�in Sumerian /lila/�察�is generally regarded as ;the night´ m

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