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toward      the   community       are   no   more     friendly    than   they   were     at  the 

beginning�拭�

       ��53�А�This was written before the author had any personal experience 

of the prison system。 He personally met with nothing but kindness at the 

hands of the prison officials。 

       Severity  of   punishment   arose   through   vindictiveness  and   fear   in   an 

age when many criminals escaped justice altogether�察�and it was hoped that 

savage sentences would outweigh the chance of escape in the mind of the 

criminal。 At present a very large part of the criminal law is concerned in 

safeguarding the rights of property�察�that is to sayas things are nowthe 

unjust     privileges    of  the   rich。   Those    whose     principles     lead   them    into 

conflict     with    government�察      �like   Anarchists�察    �bring    a   most    formidable 

indictment   against   the   law   and   the   authorities   for   the   unjust   manner   in 



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which they support the status quo。 Many of the actions by which men have 

become   rich   are   far   more   harmful   to   the   community   than   the   obscure 

crimes of poor men�察�yet they go unpunished because they do not interfere 

with the existing order。 If the power of the community is to be brought to 

bear    to   prevent    certain    classes    of  actions    through     the   agency     of   the 

criminal   law�察  �it   is   as   necessary   that   these   actions   should   really  be   those 

which      are   harmful     to   the  community�察       �as  it  is  that   the   treatment     of 

``criminals'' should be freed from the conception of guilt and inspired by 

the same spirit as is shown in the treatment of disease。 But�察�if these two 

conditions      were    fulfilled�察  �I  cannot    help    thinking    that   a  society    which 

preserved the existence of law would be preferable to one conducted on 

the unadulterated principles of Anarchism。 

     So   far   we   have   been   considering   the   power   which   the   State   derives 

from   the   criminal   law。   We   have   every   reason   to   think   that   this   power 

cannot      be  entirely    abolished�察    �though     it  can   be  exercised     in   a  wholly 

different     spirit�察  �without    the   vindictiveness       and    the  moral     reprobation 

which now form its essence。 

     We come next to the consideration of the economic power of the State 

and     the   influence     which     it  can   exert    through     its  bureaucracy。      State 

Socialists   argue   as   if   there   would   be   no   danger   to   liberty  in   a   State   not 

based   upon   capitalism。   This   seems   to   me   an   entire   delusion。   Given   an 

official caste�察�however selected�察�there are bound to be a set of men whose 

whole instincts will drive them toward tyranny。 Together with the natural 

love   of   power�察  �they   will   have   a   rooted   conviction   ��visible   now   in   the 

higher ranks of the Civil Service�� that they alone know enough to be able 

to   judge    what    is  for   the  good     of  the   community。       Like    all  men    who 

administer a   system�察 �they  will   come   to   feel   the   system  itself sacrosanct。 

The   only   changes   they   will   desire   will   be   changes   in   the   direction   of 

further   regulations   as   to   how   the   people   are   to   enjoy   the   good   things 

kindly granted to them by their benevolent despots。 Whoever thinks this 

picture overdrawn must have failed to study the influence and methods of 

Civil Servants at present。 On every matter that arises�察�they know far more 

than   the   general   public   about   all   the   DEFINITE   facts   involved�察  �the   one 

thing they do not know is ``where the shoe pinches。'' But those who know 



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this are probably not skilled in stating their case�察�not able to say off´hand 

exactly   how   many   shoes   are   pinching   how   many   feet�察  �or   what   is   the 

precise remedy required。 The answer prepared for Ministers by the Civil 

Service      is  accepted    by   the   ``respectable''    public    as  impartial�察   �and    is 

regarded   as   disposing   of   the   case   of   malcontents   except   on   a   first´class 

political question on which elections may be won or lost。 That at least is 

the   way   in   which   things   are   managed   in   England。   And   there   is   every 

reason to fear that under State Socialism the power of officials would be 

vastly greater than it is at present。 

     Those who accept the orthodox doctrine of democracy contend that�察�if 

ever the power of capital were removed�察�representative institutions would 

suffice   to   undo   the   evils   threatened   by   bureaucracy。   Against   this   view�察�

Anarchists   and   Syndicalists   have   directed   a   merciless   criticism。   French 

Syndicalists      especially�察   �living�察  �as   they   do�察  �in  a   highly    democratized 

country�察�have had bitter experience of the way in which the power of the 

State can be employed against a progressive minority。 This experience has 

led them to abandon altogether the belief in the divine right of majorities。 

The   Constitution   that   they   would   desire   would   be   one   which   allowed 

scope   for   vigorous   minorities�察  �conscious   of   their   aims   and   prepared   to 

work for them。 It is undeniable that�察�to all who care for progress�察�actual 

experience of democratic representative Government is very disillusioning。 

Admitting   as   I   think   we   mustthat   it   is   preferable   to   any   PREVIOUS 

form of Government�察�we must yet acknowledge that much of the criticism 

directed against it by Anarchists and Syndicalists is thoroughly justified。 

     Such criticism would have had more influence if any clear idea of an 

alternative to   parliamentary  democracy  had   been   generally  apprehended。 

But it must be confessed that Syndicalists have not presented their case in 

a way which is likely to attract the average citizen。 Much of what they say 

amounts   to   this�此  �that   a   minority�察  �consisting   of   skilled   workers   in   vital 

industries�察    �can�察  �by    a  strike�察  �make     the   economic      life  of   the   whole 

community   impossible�察  �and   can   in   this   way   force   their   will   upon         the 

nation。 The action aimed at is compared to the seizure of a power station�察�

by   which   a   whole   vast   system   can   be   paralyzed。   Such   a   doctrine   is   an 

appeal to force�察�and is naturally met by an appeal to force on the other side。 



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It is useless for the Syndicalists to protest that they only desire power in 

order   to   promote   liberty�此  �the   world   which   they   are   seeking   to   establish 

does not�察�as yet�察�appeal to the effective will of the community�察�and cannot 

be stably inaugurated until it does do so。 Persuasion is a slow process�察�and 

may   sometimes   be   accelerated   by   violent   methods�察  �to   this   extent   such 

methods may be justified。 But the ultimate goal of any reformer who aims 

at   liberty  can   only  be   reached through   persuasion。 The   attempt   to   thrust 

liberty  by   force   upon   those   who   do   not   desire   what   we   consider   liberty 

must always prove a failure�察�and Syndicalists�察�like other reformers�察�must 

ultimately rely upon persuasion for success。 

     But   it   would   be   a   mistake   to   confuse   aims   with   methods�此  �however 

little   we   may    agree   with    the  proposal     to  force   the   millennium      on   a 

reluctant community by starvation�察�we may yet agree that much of what 

the Syndicalists desire to achieve is desirable。 

     Let    us   dismiss    from    our   minds    such    criticisms    of  parliamentary 

government as are bound up with the present system of private property�察�

and     consider    only    those   which     would     remain     true  in   a  collectivist 

community。        Certain     defects    seem     inherent     in   the   very    nature    of 

representative institutions。 There is a sense of self´importance�察�inseparable 

from success in a contest for popular favor。 There is an all´but unavoidable 

habit   of   hypocrisy�察  �since   experience   shows   that   the   democracy   does   not 

detect insincerity in an orator�察�and will�察�on the other hand�察�be shocked by 

things which even the most sincere men may think necessary。 Hence arises 

a   tone   of   cynicism   among   elected   representatives�察  �and   a   feeling   that   no 

man can retain his position in politics without deceit。 This is as much the 

fault of the democracy as of the representatives�察�but it seems unavoidable 

so    long   as   the  main    thing    that  all  bodies    of   men    demand      of  their 

champions   is   flattery。   However   the   blame   may   be   apportioned�察  �the   evil 

must be recognized as one which is bound to occur in the existing forms of 

democracy。 Another evil�察�which is especially noticeable in large States�察�is 

the remoteness of the seat of government from many of the constituencies´ 

´a   remoteness   which   is psychological   even   more   than geographical。 The 

legislators     live  in  comfort�察    �protected    by   thick   walls   and   innumerable 

policemen from the voice of the mob�察�as time goes on they remember only 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



dimly the passions and promises of their electoral campaign�察�they come to 

feel it   an   essential   part   of   statesmanship to   consider   what   are   called   the 

interests     of   the  community        as   a  whole�察    �rather   than    those    of   some 

discontented   group�察  �but   the   interests   of   the   community   as   a   whole   are 

sufficiently vague to be easily seen to coincide with self´interest。 All these 

causes lead Parliaments to betray the people�察�consciously or unconsciously�察�

and    it  is  no   wonder     if  they   have    produced      a  certain   aloofness     from 

democratic theory in the more vigorous champions of labor。 

     Majority rule�察�as it exists in large States�察�is subject to the fatal defect 

that�察�in a very great number of questions�察�only a fraction of the nation have 

any   direct   interest   or   knowledge�察  �yet   the   others   have   an   equal   voice   in 

their settlement。 When people have no direct interest in a question they are 

very apt to be influenced by 

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