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doctrine of the class war�察�which they regard as what is really vital in his 

teaching�察�reject the State with abhorrence and wish to abolish it wholly�察�in 

which   respect   they  are   at   one   with   the Anarchists。 The   Guild   Socialists�察�

though   some   persons   in   this   country   regard   them   as   extremists�察  �really 

represent the English love of compromise。 The Syndicalist arguments as to 

the dangers inherent in the power of the State have made them dissatisfied 

with the old State Socialism�察�but they are unable to accept the Anarchist 

view     that   society    can   dispense     altogether    with    a   central   authority。 

Accordingly they propose that there should be two co´equal instruments of 

Government        in   a  community�察     �the   one   geographical�察     �representing     the 

consumers�察  �and   essentially   the   continuation   of   the   democratic   State�察  �the 

other   representing   the   producers�察  �organized�察  �not   geographically�察  �but   in 

guilds�察  �after   the   manner   of   industrial   unionism。   These   two   author´   ities 

will deal with different classes of questions。 Guild Socialists do not regard 

the industrial authority as forming part of the State�察�for they contend that it 

is the essence of the State to be geographical�察�but the industrial authority 

will resemble the present State in the fact that it will have coercive powers�察�

and that its decrees will be enforced�察�when necessary。 It is to be suspected 

that Syndicalists also�察�much as they object to the existing State�察�would not 

object to coercion of individuals in an industry by the Trade Union in that 

industry。 Government within the Trade Union would probably be quite as 

strict as State government is now。 In saying this we are assuming that the 

theoretical Anarchism of Syndicalist leaders would not survive accession 

to   power�察   �but   I  am   afraid   experience      shows    that  this   is  not  a  very 

hazardous assumption。 

     Among all these different views�察�the one which raises the deepest issue 

is   the   Anarchist     contention     that   all  coercion     by   the   community       is 

unnecessary。   Like   most   of   the   things   that Anarchists   say�察  �there   is   much 

more to be urged in support of this view than most people would suppose 

at first sight。 Kropotkin�察�who is its ablest exponent�察�points out how much 

has been achieved already by the method of free agreement。 He does not 

wish to abolish government in the sense of collective decisions�此�what he 

does wish to abolish is the system by which a decision is en´ forced upon 



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those who oppose it。��48�А�The whole system of representative government 

and majority rule is to him a bad thing。��49�А�He points to such instances as 

the agreements among the different railway systems of the Continent for 

the running of through expresses and for co´operation generally。 He points 

out   that   in   such   cases   the   different   companies   or   authorities   concerned 

each     appoint    a   delegate�察   �and   that   the   delegates    suggest     a  basis   of 

agreement�察�which has to be subsequently ratified by each of the bodies ap´ 

pointing them。 The assembly of delegates has no coercive power whatever�察�

and a majority can do nothing against a recalcitrant minority。 Yet this has 

not prevented the conclusion of very elaborate systems of agreements。 By 

such     methods�察     �so    Anarchists     contend�察     �the   USEFUL        functions     of 

government can be carried out without any coercion。 They maintain that 

the usefulness of agreement is so patent as to make co´operation certain if 

once the predatory motives associated with the present system of private 

property were removed。 

       ��48�А   �`On   the   other   hand�察  �the   STATE   has   also   been   confused   with 

GOVERNMENT。   As   there   can   be   no   State   without   government�察  �it   has 

been   sometimes   said   that   it   is   the   absence   of   government�察  �and   not   the 

abolition of the State�察�that should be the aim。 

     ``It   seems   to   me�察  �however�察  �that   State   and   government   represent   two 

ideas of a different kind。 The State idea implies quite another idea to that 

of government。 It not only includes the existence of a power placed above 

society�察  �but   also   a   territorial   concentration   and   a   concentration   of   many 

functions   of   the   life   of   society   in   the   hands   of   a   few   or   even   of   all。   It 

implies new relations among the members of society。 

     ``This characteristic distinction�察�which perhaps escapes notice at first 

sight�察�appears clearly when the origin of the State is studied。'' Kropotkin�察�

``The State。'' p。 4。 

     ��49�А    �Representative       government       has   accomplished        its  historical 

mission�察�it has given a mortal blow to Court´rule�察�and by its debates it has 

awakened        public   interest   in   public    questions。    But�察   �to  see   in  it  the 

government of the future Socialist society�察�is to commit a gross error。 Each 

economical       phase    of   life  implies    its  own    political    phase�察   �and   it  is 

impossible to touch the very basis of the present economical lifeprivate 



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property without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political 

organization。   Life   already   shows   in   which   direction   the   change   will   be 

made。 Not in   increasing the powers   of the  State�察�but in   resorting to  free 

organization       and   free   federation    in  all  those   branches     which     are  now 

considered        as    attributes      of    the    State。''    Kropotkin�察       �`Anarchist 

Communism��'' pp。 28´29。 

       Attractive as this view is�察�I cannot resist the conclusion that it results 

from impatience and represents the attempt to find a short´cut toward the 

ideal which all humane people desire。 

     Let    us   begin    with    the  question     of   private    crime。��50�А    �Anarchists 

maintain   that   the   criminal   is   manufactured   by  bad   social   conditions   and 

would   disappear   in   such   a   world   as   they   aim   at   creating。��51�А  �No   doubt 

there is a great measure of truth in this view。 There would be little motive 

to robbery�察�for example�察�in an Anarchist world�察�unless it were organized on 

a large scale by a body of men bent on upsetting the Anarchist regime。 It 

may   also   be   conceded   that   impulses   toward   criminal   violence   could   be 

very largely eliminated by a better education。 But all such contentions�察�it 

seems to me�察�have their limitations。 To take an extreme case�察�we cannot 

suppose that there would be no lunatics in an Anarchist community�察�and 

some   of   these   lunatics   would�察  �no   doubt�察  �be   homicidal。   Probably   no   one 

would   argue  that   they  ought   to   be   left   at   liberty。   But   there   are   no   sharp 

lines   in   nature�察  �from   the   homicidal   lunatic   to   the   sane   man   of   violent 

passions      there   is  a   continuous      gradation。     Even    in   the   most    perfect 

community there will be men and women�察�otherwise sane�察�who will feel 

an    impulse     to  commit     murder     from    jealousy。    These     are  now     usually 

restrained by the fear of punishment�察�but if this fear were removed�察�such 

murders   would   probably   become   much   more   common�察  �as   may   be   seen 

from the present behavior of certain soldiers on leave。 Moreover�察�certain 

kinds of conduct arouse public hostility�察�and would almost inevitably lead 

to lynching�察�if no other recognized method of punishment existed。 There is 

in most men a certain natural vindictiveness�察�not always directed against 

the   worst   members   of   the   community。   For   example�察  �Spinoza   was   very 

nearly     murdered       by   the   mob     because     he   was     suspected     of   undue 

friendliness to France at a time when Holland was at war with that country。 



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Apart     from    such    cases�察   �there   would     be   the   very    real  danger     of   an 

organized attempt to destroy Anarchism and revive ancient oppressions。 Is 

it to   be   supposed�察  �for   example�察  �that   Napoleon�察  �if   he   had   been   born   into 

such a community as Kropotkin advocates�察�would have acquiesced tamely 

in a world where his genius could find no scope�拭�I cannot see what should 

prevent a combination of ambitious men forming themselves into a private 

army�察    �manufacturing        their   own     munitions�察    �and    at  last   enslaving     the 

defenseless   citizens�察  �who   had   relied   upon   the   inherent   attractiveness   of 

liberty。 It would not be consistent with the principles of Anarchism for the 

community to interfere with the drilling of a private army�察�no matter what 

its objects might be ��though�察�of course�察�an opposing private army might be 

formed by men with different views��。 Indeed�察�Kropotkin instances the old 

volunteers   in   Great   Britain   as   an   example   of   a   movement   on Anarchist 

lines。��52�А�Even if a predatory army were not formed from within�察�it might 

easily come from a neighboring nation�察�or from races on the borderland of 

civilization。 So long as the love of power exists�察�I do not see how it can be 

prevented   from   finding   an   outlet   in   oppression   except   by   means   of   the 

organized force of the community。 

        ��50�А  �On   this   subject   there   is   an   excellent   discussion   in   the   before´ 

mentioned work of Monsieur Naquet。 

     ��51�А     �`As   to   the   thirdthe    chiefobjection�察      �which    maintains      the 

necessity   of     a  government       for  punishing      those   who    break    the   law   of 

society�察  �there   is   so   much   to   say   about   it   that   it   hardly   can   be   touched 

incidentally。 The more we study the question�察�the more we are brought to 

the   conclusion   that   society   itself   is   responsible   for   the   anti´social   deeds 

perpetrated      in   its  midst�察  �and   that   no   punishment�察     �no   prisons�察   �and    no 

hangmen   can   diminish   the   numbers   of   such   deeds�察  �nothing   short   of   a 

reorganization   of   society   itself。   Three´quarters   of   all   the   acts   which   are 

brought every  year before our courts   have their origin�察�either directly  or 

indirectly�察 �in   the   present   disorganized state   of   society  with   regard   to   the 

production   

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