proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及21嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
doctrine of the class war�察�which they regard as what is really vital in his
teaching�察�reject the State with abhorrence and wish to abolish it wholly�察�in
which respect they are at one with the Anarchists。 The Guild Socialists�察�
though some persons in this country regard them as extremists�察 �really
represent the English love of compromise。 The Syndicalist arguments as to
the dangers inherent in the power of the State have made them dissatisfied
with the old State Socialism�察�but they are unable to accept the Anarchist
view that society can dispense altogether with a central authority。
Accordingly they propose that there should be two co´equal instruments of
Government in a community�察 �the one geographical�察 �representing the
consumers�察 �and essentially the continuation of the democratic State�察 �the
other representing the producers�察 �organized�察 �not geographically�察 �but in
guilds�察 �after the manner of industrial unionism。 These two author´ ities
will deal with different classes of questions。 Guild Socialists do not regard
the industrial authority as forming part of the State�察�for they contend that it
is the essence of the State to be geographical�察�but the industrial authority
will resemble the present State in the fact that it will have coercive powers�察�
and that its decrees will be enforced�察�when necessary。 It is to be suspected
that Syndicalists also�察�much as they object to the existing State�察�would not
object to coercion of individuals in an industry by the Trade Union in that
industry。 Government within the Trade Union would probably be quite as
strict as State government is now。 In saying this we are assuming that the
theoretical Anarchism of Syndicalist leaders would not survive accession
to power�察 �but I am afraid experience shows that this is not a very
hazardous assumption。
Among all these different views�察�the one which raises the deepest issue
is the Anarchist contention that all coercion by the community is
unnecessary。 Like most of the things that Anarchists say�察 �there is much
more to be urged in support of this view than most people would suppose
at first sight。 Kropotkin�察�who is its ablest exponent�察�points out how much
has been achieved already by the method of free agreement。 He does not
wish to abolish government in the sense of collective decisions�此�what he
does wish to abolish is the system by which a decision is en´ forced upon
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those who oppose it。��48�А�The whole system of representative government
and majority rule is to him a bad thing。��49�А�He points to such instances as
the agreements among the different railway systems of the Continent for
the running of through expresses and for co´operation generally。 He points
out that in such cases the different companies or authorities concerned
each appoint a delegate�察 �and that the delegates suggest a basis of
agreement�察�which has to be subsequently ratified by each of the bodies ap´
pointing them。 The assembly of delegates has no coercive power whatever�察�
and a majority can do nothing against a recalcitrant minority。 Yet this has
not prevented the conclusion of very elaborate systems of agreements。 By
such methods�察 �so Anarchists contend�察 �the USEFUL functions of
government can be carried out without any coercion。 They maintain that
the usefulness of agreement is so patent as to make co´operation certain if
once the predatory motives associated with the present system of private
property were removed。
��48�А �`On the other hand�察 �the STATE has also been confused with
GOVERNMENT。 As there can be no State without government�察 �it has
been sometimes said that it is the absence of government�察 �and not the
abolition of the State�察�that should be the aim。
``It seems to me�察 �however�察 �that State and government represent two
ideas of a different kind。 The State idea implies quite another idea to that
of government。 It not only includes the existence of a power placed above
society�察 �but also a territorial concentration and a concentration of many
functions of the life of society in the hands of a few or even of all。 It
implies new relations among the members of society。
``This characteristic distinction�察�which perhaps escapes notice at first
sight�察�appears clearly when the origin of the State is studied。'' Kropotkin�察�
``The State。'' p。 4。
��49�А �Representative government has accomplished its historical
mission�察�it has given a mortal blow to Court´rule�察�and by its debates it has
awakened public interest in public questions。 But�察 �to see in it the
government of the future Socialist society�察�is to commit a gross error。 Each
economical phase of life implies its own political phase�察 �and it is
impossible to touch the very basis of the present economical lifeprivate
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property without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political
organization。 Life already shows in which direction the change will be
made。 Not in increasing the powers of the State�察�but in resorting to free
organization and free federation in all those branches which are now
considered as attributes of the State。'' Kropotkin�察 �`Anarchist
Communism��'' pp。 28´29。
Attractive as this view is�察�I cannot resist the conclusion that it results
from impatience and represents the attempt to find a short´cut toward the
ideal which all humane people desire。
Let us begin with the question of private crime。��50�А �Anarchists
maintain that the criminal is manufactured by bad social conditions and
would disappear in such a world as they aim at creating。��51�А �No doubt
there is a great measure of truth in this view。 There would be little motive
to robbery�察�for example�察�in an Anarchist world�察�unless it were organized on
a large scale by a body of men bent on upsetting the Anarchist regime。 It
may also be conceded that impulses toward criminal violence could be
very largely eliminated by a better education。 But all such contentions�察�it
seems to me�察�have their limitations。 To take an extreme case�察�we cannot
suppose that there would be no lunatics in an Anarchist community�察�and
some of these lunatics would�察 �no doubt�察 �be homicidal。 Probably no one
would argue that they ought to be left at liberty。 But there are no sharp
lines in nature�察 �from the homicidal lunatic to the sane man of violent
passions there is a continuous gradation。 Even in the most perfect
community there will be men and women�察�otherwise sane�察�who will feel
an impulse to commit murder from jealousy。 These are now usually
restrained by the fear of punishment�察�but if this fear were removed�察�such
murders would probably become much more common�察 �as may be seen
from the present behavior of certain soldiers on leave。 Moreover�察�certain
kinds of conduct arouse public hostility�察�and would almost inevitably lead
to lynching�察�if no other recognized method of punishment existed。 There is
in most men a certain natural vindictiveness�察�not always directed against
the worst members of the community。 For example�察 �Spinoza was very
nearly murdered by the mob because he was suspected of undue
friendliness to France at a time when Holland was at war with that country。
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Apart from such cases�察 �there would be the very real danger of an
organized attempt to destroy Anarchism and revive ancient oppressions。 Is
it to be supposed�察 �for example�察 �that Napoleon�察 �if he had been born into
such a community as Kropotkin advocates�察�would have acquiesced tamely
in a world where his genius could find no scope�拭�I cannot see what should
prevent a combination of ambitious men forming themselves into a private
army�察 �manufacturing their own munitions�察 �and at last enslaving the
defenseless citizens�察 �who had relied upon the inherent attractiveness of
liberty。 It would not be consistent with the principles of Anarchism for the
community to interfere with the drilling of a private army�察�no matter what
its objects might be ��though�察�of course�察�an opposing private army might be
formed by men with different views��。 Indeed�察�Kropotkin instances the old
volunteers in Great Britain as an example of a movement on Anarchist
lines。��52�А�Even if a predatory army were not formed from within�察�it might
easily come from a neighboring nation�察�or from races on the borderland of
civilization。 So long as the love of power exists�察�I do not see how it can be
prevented from finding an outlet in oppression except by means of the
organized force of the community。
��50�А �On this subject there is an excellent discussion in the before´
mentioned work of Monsieur Naquet。
��51�А �`As to the thirdthe chiefobjection�察 �which maintains the
necessity of a government for punishing those who break the law of
society�察 �there is so much to say about it that it hardly can be touched
incidentally。 The more we study the question�察�the more we are brought to
the conclusion that society itself is responsible for the anti´social deeds
perpetrated in its midst�察 �and that no punishment�察 �no prisons�察 �and no
hangmen can diminish the numbers of such deeds�察 �nothing short of a
reorganization of society itself。 Three´quarters of all the acts which are
brought every year before our courts have their origin�察�either directly or
indirectly�察 �in the present disorganized state of society with regard to the
production