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弌傍�� proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




employers have armies of their own and are able to call upon the Militia 

and     even�察  �in   a  crisis�察  �upon    the   United    States    Army。    What     French 

Syndicalists say about the State as a capitalist institution is peculiarly true 

in   America。     In   consequence      of  the   scandals    thus   arising�察  �the   Federal 

Government         appointed     a  Commission        on   Industrial   Relations�察    �whose 

Report�察  �issued   in   1915�察  �reveals   a   state   of   affairs   such   as   it   would   be 

difficult to imagine in   Great Britain。 The report   states that   ``the   greatest 

disorders     and    most    of  the   outbreaks     of  violence     in  connection     with 

industrial `disputes arise from the violation of what are considered to be 

fundamental         rights�察   �and    from     the    perversion      or    subversion      of 

governmental institutions'' ��p。 146��。 It mentions�察�among such perversions�察�



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the subservience of the judiciary to the mili´ tary authorities�撮�33�А�the fact 

that   during   a   labor   dispute   the   life   and   liberty   of   every   man   within   the 

State would seem to be at the mercy of the Governor ��p。 72���察�and the use 

of State troops in policing strikes ��p。 298��。 At Ludlow ��Colorado�� in 1914 

��April 20�� a battle of the militia and the miners took place�察�in which�察�as the 

result   of   the   fire   of   the   militia�察  �a   number   of   women   and   children   were 

burned   to   death。��34�А  �Many   other   instances   of   pitched   battles   could   be 

given�察 �but   enough   has been   said to   show   the peculiar   character   of   labor 

disputes in the United States。 It may�察�I fear�察�be presumed that this character 

will remain so long as a very large proportion of labor consists of recent 

immigrants。   When   these   difficulties   pass   away�察  �as   they   must   sooner   or 

later�察�labor will more and more find its place in the community�察�and will 

tend to feel and inspire less of the bitter hostility which renders the more 

extreme forms of class war possible。 When 

     that time comes�察�the labor movement in America will probably begin 

to take on forms similar to those of Europe。 

        ��33�А�Although uniformly held that the writ of habeas corpus can only 

be suspended by the legislature�察�in these labor disturbances the executive 

has in   fact   suspended   or  disregarded   the  writ。  。  。  。  In   cases   arising   from 

labor   agitations�察 �the   judiciary  has   uniformly  upheld   the   power   exercised 

by the military�察�and in no case has there been any protest against the use of 

such   power   or   any   attempt   to   curtail   it�察  �except   in   Montana�察  �where   the 

conviction   of   a   civilian   by   military   commission   was   annulled''   �─�`Final 

Report   of   the   Commission   on   Industrial   Relations''   ��1915��   appointed   by 

the United States Congress��'' p。 58��。 

     ��34�А�Literary Digest�察�May 2 and May 16�察�1914。 

        Meanwhile�察�though the forms are different�察�the aims are very similar�察�

and industrial unionism�察�spreading from America�察�has had a considerable 

influence   in   Great   Britainan   influence   naturally   reinforced   by   that   of 

French   Syndicalism。   It   is   clear�察  �I   think�察  �that   the   adoption   of   industrial 

rather than craft unionism is absolutely necessary if Trade Unionism is to 

succeed in playing that part in altering the economic structure of society 

which      its  advocates     claim    for  it  rather   than    for  the   political   parties。 

Industrial      unionism      organizes     men�察    �as   craft   unionism      does    not�察  �in 



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accordance with the enemy whom they have to fight。 English unionism is 

still very far removed from the industrial form�察�though certain industries�察�

especially the railway men�察�have gone very far in this direction�察�and it is 

notable   that   the   railway   men   are   peculiarly   sympathetic   to   Syndicalism 

and industrial unionism。 

     Pure     Syndicalism�察      �however�察     �is   not   very    likely   to   achieve     wide 

popularity in Great Britain。 Its spirit is too revolutionary and anarchistic 

for our temperament。 It is in the modified form of Guild Socialism that the 

ideas   derived   from   the   C。   G。   T。   and   the   I。   W。   W。   are   tending   to   bear 

fruit。��35�А  �This   movement   is   as   yet   in   its   infancy   and   has   no   great   hold 

upon the rank and file�察�but it is being ably advocated by a group of young 

men�察  �and   is   rapidly   gaining   ground   among   those   who   will   form   Labor 

opinion   in   years   to   come。   The   power   of   the   State   has   been   so   much 

increased during the war that those who naturally dislike things as they are�察�

find it more and more difficult to believe that State omnipotence can be 

the road to the millennium。 Guild Socialists aim at autonomy in industry�察�

with consequent curtailment�察�but not abolition�察�of the power of the State。 

The system which they advocate is�察�I believe�察�the best hitherto proposed�察�

and the one most likely to secure liberty without the constant appeals to 

violence which are to be feared under a purely Anarchist regime。 

     ��35�А  �The   ideas   of   Guild   Socialism   were   first   set   forth   in   ``National 

Guilds��'' edited by A。 R。 Orage ��Bell & Sons�察�1914���察�and in Cole's ``World 

of    Labour''     ��Bell    &   Sons���察    �first  published      in   1913。     Cole's    ``Self´ 

Government in Industry'' ��Bell & Sons�察�1917�� and Rickett & Bechhofer's 

``The   Meaning   of   National   Guilds''   ��Palmer   &   Hayward�察  �1918��   should 

also   be   read�察  �as   well   as   various   pamphlets   published         by   the   National 

Guilds League。 The attitude of the Syndicalists to Guild Socialism is far 

from   sympathetic。   An   article   in   ``The   Syndicalist''   for   February�察  �1914�察�

speaks   of   it   in   the   following   terms�此  �a   Middle´class   of   the   middle´class�察�

with all the shortcomings ��we had almost said `stupidities'�� of the middle´ 

classes   writ   large   across   it�察   �Guild   Socialism'   stands   forth   as   the   latest 

lucubration   of   the   middle´class   mind。   It   is   a   `cool   steal'   of   the   leading 

ideas   of   Syndicalism   and   a   deliberate   perversion   of   them。   。   。   。   We   do 

protest against the `State' idea 。 。 。 in Guild Socialism。 Middle´class people�察�



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even   when   they   become   Socialists�察  �cannot   get   rid   of   the   idea   that   the 

working´class   is   their   `inferior'�察  �that   the   workers   need   to   be   `educated��' 

drilled�察�disciplined�察�and generally nursed for a very long time before they 

will    be  able   to  walk    by  themselves。      The   very   reverse    is  actually   the 

truth。  。  。  。  It   is   just the  plain truth   when   we  say  that   the  ordinary  wage´ 

worker�察�of average intelligence�察�is better capable of taking care of himself 

than   the   half´educated   middle´class   man   who   wants   to   advise   him。   He 

knows how to make the wheels of the world go round。'' 

       The first pamphlet of the ``National Guilds League'' sets forth their 

main principles。 In industry each factory is to be free to control its own 

methods      of   production     by   means     of  elected    managers。     The    different 

factories   in   a   given   industry   are   to   be   federated   into   a   National   Guild 

which will deal with marketing and the general interests of the industry as 

a whole。 ``The State would own the means of production as trustee for the 

community�察       �the  Guilds     would    manage      them�察  �also   as  trustees    for  the 

community�察�and would pay to the State a single tax or rent。 Any Guild that 

chose   to   set   its   own   interests   above   those   of   the   community   would   be 

violating its   trust�察  �and   would   have   to bow  to the  judgment   of   a  tribunal 

equally representing the whole body of producers and the whole body of 

consumers。 This Joint Committee would be the ultimate sovereign body�察�

the ultimate appeal court of industry。 It would fix not only Guild taxation�察�

but    also    standard     prices�察  �and    both    taxation    and    prices    would     be 

periodically readjusted by it。'' Each Guild will be entirely free to apportion 

what it receives among its members as it chooses�察�its members being all 

those who work in the industry which it covers。 ``The distribution of this 

collective Guild income among the members seems to be a matter for each 

Guild to decide for itself。 Whether the Guilds would�察�sooner or later�察�adopt 

the principle of equal payment for every member�察�is open to discussion。'' 

Guild Socialism accepts from Syndicalism the view that liberty is not to be 

secured      by    making     the    State   the   employer�此      �`The     State   and    the 

Municipality as employers have turned out not to differ essentially from 

the private capitalist。'' Guild Socialists regard the State as consisting of the 

community in their capacity as consumers�察�while the Guilds will represent 

them     in  their   capacity    as   producers�察    �thus   Parliament      and   the   Guild 



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Congress       will   be    two    co´equal     powers     representing      consumers       and 

producers       respectively。     Above      both   will    be   the   joint   Committee       of 

Parliament   and   the   Guild   Congress   for   deciding   matters   involving   the 

interests     of   consumers      and    producers      alike。   The    view    of   the  Guild 

Socialists is that State Socialism takes account of men only as consumers�察�

while     Syndicalism       takes    account     of   them    only    as   producers。      ``The 

problem��'' say the Guild Socialists�察 �`is to reconcile the two points of view。 

That is what advocates of National Guilds set out to do。 The Syndicalist 

has claimed   everything   for  the  industrial   organizations of producers�察  �the 

Collectivist      everything      for  the   territorial   or  political    organizations      of 

consumers。 Both are open to the same criticism�察�you cannot reconcile two 

points of view merely by denying one of them。''��36�А�But although Guild 

Socialism       represents     an  attempt     at  readjustment      between 

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��3�� 家��2��

低辛嬬浪散議