proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及15嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
employers have armies of their own and are able to call upon the Militia
and even�察 �in a crisis�察 �upon the United States Army。 What French
Syndicalists say about the State as a capitalist institution is peculiarly true
in America。 In consequence of the scandals thus arising�察 �the Federal
Government appointed a Commission on Industrial Relations�察 �whose
Report�察 �issued in 1915�察 �reveals a state of affairs such as it would be
difficult to imagine in Great Britain。 The report states that ``the greatest
disorders and most of the outbreaks of violence in connection with
industrial `disputes arise from the violation of what are considered to be
fundamental rights�察 �and from the perversion or subversion of
governmental institutions'' ��p。 146��。 It mentions�察�among such perversions�察�
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
the subservience of the judiciary to the mili´ tary authorities�撮�33�А�the fact
that during a labor dispute the life and liberty of every man within the
State would seem to be at the mercy of the Governor ��p。 72���察�and the use
of State troops in policing strikes ��p。 298��。 At Ludlow ��Colorado�� in 1914
��April 20�� a battle of the militia and the miners took place�察�in which�察�as the
result of the fire of the militia�察 �a number of women and children were
burned to death。��34�А �Many other instances of pitched battles could be
given�察 �but enough has been said to show the peculiar character of labor
disputes in the United States。 It may�察�I fear�察�be presumed that this character
will remain so long as a very large proportion of labor consists of recent
immigrants。 When these difficulties pass away�察 �as they must sooner or
later�察�labor will more and more find its place in the community�察�and will
tend to feel and inspire less of the bitter hostility which renders the more
extreme forms of class war possible。 When
that time comes�察�the labor movement in America will probably begin
to take on forms similar to those of Europe。
��33�А�Although uniformly held that the writ of habeas corpus can only
be suspended by the legislature�察�in these labor disturbances the executive
has in fact suspended or disregarded the writ。 。 。 。 In cases arising from
labor agitations�察 �the judiciary has uniformly upheld the power exercised
by the military�察�and in no case has there been any protest against the use of
such power or any attempt to curtail it�察 �except in Montana�察 �where the
conviction of a civilian by military commission was annulled'' �─�`Final
Report of the Commission on Industrial Relations'' ��1915�� appointed by
the United States Congress��'' p。 58��。
��34�А�Literary Digest�察�May 2 and May 16�察�1914。
Meanwhile�察�though the forms are different�察�the aims are very similar�察�
and industrial unionism�察�spreading from America�察�has had a considerable
influence in Great Britainan influence naturally reinforced by that of
French Syndicalism。 It is clear�察 �I think�察 �that the adoption of industrial
rather than craft unionism is absolutely necessary if Trade Unionism is to
succeed in playing that part in altering the economic structure of society
which its advocates claim for it rather than for the political parties。
Industrial unionism organizes men�察 �as craft unionism does not�察 �in
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accordance with the enemy whom they have to fight。 English unionism is
still very far removed from the industrial form�察�though certain industries�察�
especially the railway men�察�have gone very far in this direction�察�and it is
notable that the railway men are peculiarly sympathetic to Syndicalism
and industrial unionism。
Pure Syndicalism�察 �however�察 �is not very likely to achieve wide
popularity in Great Britain。 Its spirit is too revolutionary and anarchistic
for our temperament。 It is in the modified form of Guild Socialism that the
ideas derived from the C。 G。 T。 and the I。 W。 W。 are tending to bear
fruit。��35�А �This movement is as yet in its infancy and has no great hold
upon the rank and file�察�but it is being ably advocated by a group of young
men�察 �and is rapidly gaining ground among those who will form Labor
opinion in years to come。 The power of the State has been so much
increased during the war that those who naturally dislike things as they are�察�
find it more and more difficult to believe that State omnipotence can be
the road to the millennium。 Guild Socialists aim at autonomy in industry�察�
with consequent curtailment�察�but not abolition�察�of the power of the State。
The system which they advocate is�察�I believe�察�the best hitherto proposed�察�
and the one most likely to secure liberty without the constant appeals to
violence which are to be feared under a purely Anarchist regime。
��35�А �The ideas of Guild Socialism were first set forth in ``National
Guilds��'' edited by A。 R。 Orage ��Bell & Sons�察�1914���察�and in Cole's ``World
of Labour'' ��Bell & Sons���察 �first published in 1913。 Cole's ``Self´
Government in Industry'' ��Bell & Sons�察�1917�� and Rickett & Bechhofer's
``The Meaning of National Guilds'' ��Palmer & Hayward�察 �1918�� should
also be read�察 �as well as various pamphlets published by the National
Guilds League。 The attitude of the Syndicalists to Guild Socialism is far
from sympathetic。 An article in ``The Syndicalist'' for February�察 �1914�察�
speaks of it in the following terms�此 �a Middle´class of the middle´class�察�
with all the shortcomings ��we had almost said `stupidities'�� of the middle´
classes writ large across it�察 �Guild Socialism' stands forth as the latest
lucubration of the middle´class mind。 It is a `cool steal' of the leading
ideas of Syndicalism and a deliberate perversion of them。 。 。 。 We do
protest against the `State' idea 。 。 。 in Guild Socialism。 Middle´class people�察�
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
even when they become Socialists�察 �cannot get rid of the idea that the
working´class is their `inferior'�察 �that the workers need to be `educated��'
drilled�察�disciplined�察�and generally nursed for a very long time before they
will be able to walk by themselves。 The very reverse is actually the
truth。 。 。 。 It is just the plain truth when we say that the ordinary wage´
worker�察�of average intelligence�察�is better capable of taking care of himself
than the half´educated middle´class man who wants to advise him。 He
knows how to make the wheels of the world go round。''
The first pamphlet of the ``National Guilds League'' sets forth their
main principles。 In industry each factory is to be free to control its own
methods of production by means of elected managers。 The different
factories in a given industry are to be federated into a National Guild
which will deal with marketing and the general interests of the industry as
a whole。 ``The State would own the means of production as trustee for the
community�察 �the Guilds would manage them�察 �also as trustees for the
community�察�and would pay to the State a single tax or rent。 Any Guild that
chose to set its own interests above those of the community would be
violating its trust�察 �and would have to bow to the judgment of a tribunal
equally representing the whole body of producers and the whole body of
consumers。 This Joint Committee would be the ultimate sovereign body�察�
the ultimate appeal court of industry。 It would fix not only Guild taxation�察�
but also standard prices�察 �and both taxation and prices would be
periodically readjusted by it。'' Each Guild will be entirely free to apportion
what it receives among its members as it chooses�察�its members being all
those who work in the industry which it covers。 ``The distribution of this
collective Guild income among the members seems to be a matter for each
Guild to decide for itself。 Whether the Guilds would�察�sooner or later�察�adopt
the principle of equal payment for every member�察�is open to discussion。''
Guild Socialism accepts from Syndicalism the view that liberty is not to be
secured by making the State the employer�此 �`The State and the
Municipality as employers have turned out not to differ essentially from
the private capitalist。'' Guild Socialists regard the State as consisting of the
community in their capacity as consumers�察�while the Guilds will represent
them in their capacity as producers�察 �thus Parliament and the Guild
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Congress will be two co´equal powers representing consumers and
producers respectively。 Above both will be the joint Committee of
Parliament and the Guild Congress for deciding matters involving the
interests of consumers and producers alike。 The view of the Guild
Socialists is that State Socialism takes account of men only as consumers�察�
while Syndicalism takes account of them only as producers。 ``The
problem��'' say the Guild Socialists�察 �`is to reconcile the two points of view。
That is what advocates of National Guilds set out to do。 The Syndicalist
has claimed everything for the industrial organizations of producers�察 �the
Collectivist everything for the territorial or political organizations of
consumers。 Both are open to the same criticism�察�you cannot reconcile two
points of view merely by denying one of them。''��36�А�But although Guild
Socialism represents an attempt at readjustment between