the athenian constitution-第12章

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。　It　is　his　duty　to　receive　these　cases　and　divide　them　into　ten　groups；　and　assign　to　each　tribe　the　group　which　comes　to　it　by　lot；　after　which　the　magistrates　who　introduce　cases　for　the　tribe　hand　them　over　to　the　Arbitrators。　The　Polemarch；　however；　brings　up　in　person　cases　in　which　an　alien　is　charged　with　deserting　his　patron　or　neglecting　to　provide　himself　with　one；　and　also　of　inheritances　and　wards　of　state　where　　aliens　are　concerned；　and　in　fact；　generally；　whatever　the　Archon　does　for　citizens；　the　Polemarch　does　for　aliens。

Part　59

　　The　Thesmothetae　in　the　first　place　have　the　power　of　　prescribing　on　what　days　the　lawcourts　are　to　sit；　and　next　of　assigning　them　to　the　several　magistrates；　for　the　latter　must　follow　the　arrangement　which　the　Thesmothetae　assign。　Moreover　they　introduce　impeachments　before　the　Assembly；　and　bring　up　all　votes　for　removal　from　office；　challenges　of　a　magistrate's　conduct　before　the　Assembly；　indictments　for　illegal　proposals；　or　for　proposing　a　law　which　is　contrary　to　the　interests　of　the　state；　complaints　against　Proedri　or　their　president　for　their　conduct　in　office；　and　the　accounts　presented　by　the　generals。　All　indictments　also　come　before　them　in　which　a　deposit　has　to　be　made　by　the　prosecutor；　namely；　indictments　for　concealment　of　foreign　origin；　for　corrupt　evasion　of　foreign　origin　（when　a　man　escapes　the　disqualification　by　bribery）；　for　blackmailing　accusations；　bribery；　false　entry　of　another　as　a　state　debtor；　false　testimony　to　the　service　of　a　summons；　conspiracy　to　enter　a　man　as　a　state　debtor；　corrupt　removal　from　the　list　of　debtors；　and　adultery。　They　also　　bring　up　the　examinations　of　all　magistrates；　and　the　rejections　by　the　demes　and　the　condemnations　by　the　Council。　Moreover　they　bring　up　certain　private　suits　in　cases　of　merchandise　and　mines；　or　where　a　slave　has　slandered　a　free　man。　It　is　they　also　who　cast　lots　to　assign　the　courts　to　the　various　magistrates；　whether　for　private　or　public　cases。　They　ratify　commercial　treaties；　and　bring　up　the　cases　which　arise　out　of　such　treaties；　and　they　also　bring　up　cases　of　perjury　from　the　Areopagus。　The　casting　of　lots　for　the　jurors　is　　conducted　by　all　the　nine　Archons；　with　the　clerk　to　the　Thesmothetae　as　　the　tenth；　each　performing　the　duty　for　his　own　tribe。　Such　are　the　　duties　of　the　nine　Archons。

Part　60

　　There　are　also　ten　Commissioners　of　Games　（Athlothetae）；　elected　by　lot；　one　from　each　tribe。　These　officers；　after　passing　an　examination；　serve　for　four　years；　and　they　manage　the　Panathenaic　procession；　the　contest　in　music　and　that　in　gymnastic；　and　the　horse…race；　they　also　provide　the　robe　of　Athena　and；　in　conjunction　with　the　Council；　the　vases；　and　they　present　the　oil　to　the　　athletes。　This　oil　is　collected　from　the　sacred　olives。　The　Archon　requisitions　it　from　the　owners　of　the　farms　on　which　the　sacred　olives　grow；　at　the　rate　of　three…quarters　of　a　pint　from　each　plant。　Formerly　the　state　used　to　sell　the　fruit　itself；　and　if　any　one　dug　up　or　broke　down　one　of　the　sacred　olives；　he　was　　tried　by　the　Council　of　Areopagus；　and　if　he　was　condemned；　the　penalty　was　death。　Since；　however；　the　oil　has　been　paid　by　the　owner　of　　the　farm；　the　procedure　has　lapsed；　though　the　law　remains；　and　the　oil　is　a　state　charge　upon　the　property　instead　of　being　taken　from　the　individual　plants。　When；　then；　the　Archon　has　collected　the　oil　for　his　year　of　office；　he　hands　it　over　to　the　Treasurers　to　preserve　in　the　Acropolis；　and　he　may　not　take　his　seat　in　the　Areopagus　until　he　has　paid　over　to　the　Treasurers　the　full　amount。　The　Treasurers　keep　it　in　the　Acropolis　until　the　Panathenaea；　when　they　measure　it　out　to　the　Commissioners　of　Games；　and　they　again　to　the　victorious　competitors。　The　prizes　for　the　victors　in　the　musical　contest　consist　of　silver　and　gold；　for　the　victors　in　manly　vigour；　of　shields；　and　for　the　victors　in　the　gymnastic　contest　and　the　horse…race；　of　oil。

Part　61

　　All　officers　connected　with　military　service　are　elected　by　open　vote。　In　the　first　place；　ten　Generals　（Strategi）；　who　were　formerly　elected　one　from　each　tribe；　but　now　are　chosen　from　the　　whole　mass　of　citizens。　Their　duties　are　assigned　to　them　by　open　vote；　one　is　appointed　to　command　the　heavy　infantry；　and　leads　them　if　　they　go　out　to　war；　one　to　the　defence　of　the　country；　who　remains　on　the　defensive；　and　fights　if　there　is　war　within　the　borders　of　the　country；　two　to　Piraeus；　one　of　whom　is　assigned　to　Munichia；　and　one　to　the　south　shore；　and　these　have　charge　of　the　defence　of　the　Piraeus；　and　one　to　superintend　the　symmories；　who　nominates　the　trierarchs　arranges　exchanges　of　properties　for　them；　and　brings　up　actions　to　decide　on　rival　claims　in　connexion　with　them。　　The　rest　are　dispatched　to　whatever　business　may　be　on　hand　at　the　moment。　The　appointment　of　these　officers　is　submitted　for　confirmation　in　each　prytany；　when　the　question　is　put　whether　they　are　considered　to　be　doing　their　duty。　If　any　officer　is　rejected　on　this　vote；　　he　is　tried　in　the　lawcourt；　and　if　he　is　found　guilty　the　people　decide　what　punishment　or　fine　shall　be　inflicted　on　him；　but　if　he　is　acquitted　he　resumes　his　office。　The　Generals　have　full　power；　when　on　active　service；　to　arrest　any　one　for　insubordination；　or　to　cashier　him　publicly；　or　to　inflict　a　fine；　the　latter　is；　however；　unusual。　　　There　are　also　ten　Taxiarchs；　one　from　each　tribe；　elected　by　open　vote；　and　each　commands　his　own　tribesmen　and　appoints　captains　of　companies　（Lochagi）。　There　are　also　two　Hipparchs；　elected　by　open　vote　from　the　whole　mass　of　the　citizens；　who　command　the　cavalry；　each　taking　five　tribes。　They　have　the　same　powers　as　the　Generals　have　in　respect　of　the　infantry；　and　their　appointments　are　also　subject　to　confirmation。　There　are　also　ten　Phylarchs；　　elected　by　open　vote；　one　from　each　tribe；　to　command　the　cavalry；　as　the　　Taxiarchs　do　the　infantry。　There　is　also　a　Hipparch　for　Lemnos；　elected　by　open　vote；　who　has　charge　of　the　cavalry　in　Lemnos。　There　is　also　a　treasurer　of　the　Paralus；　and　another　of　the　Ammonias；　similarly　elected。

Part　62

　　Of　the　magistrates　elected　by　lot；　in　former　times　some　including　the　nine　Archons；　were　elected　out　of　the　tribe　as　a　whole；　while　others；　namely　those　who　are　now　elected　in　the　Theseum；　were　apportioned　among　the　demes；　but　since　the　demes　used　to　sell　the　elections；　these　magistrates　too　are　now　elected　from　the　　whole　tribe；　except　the　members　of　the　Council　and　the　guards　of　the　　dockyards；　who　are　still　left　to　the　demes。　　　Pay　is　received　for　the　following　services。　First　the　　members　of　the　Assembly　receive　a　drachma　for　the　ordinary　meetings；　and　nine　obols　for　the　'sovereign'　meeting。　Then　the　jurors　at　the　　law…courts　receive　three　obols；　and　the　members　of　the　Council　five　obols。　They　Prytanes　receive　an　allowance　of　an　obol　for　their　maintenance。　The　nine　Archons　receive　four　obols　apiece　for　maintenance；　and　also　keep　a　herald　and　a　flute…player；　and　the　Archon　for　Salamis　receives　a　drachma　a　day。　The　Commissioners　for　Games　dine　in　the　Prytaneum　during　the　month　of　Hecatombaeon　in　which　the　Panathenaic　festival　takes　place；　from　the　fourteenth　day　onwards。　The　Amphictyonic　deputies　to　Delos　receive　a　drachma　a　day　from　the　exchequer　of　Delos。　Also　all　magistrates　sent　to　Samos；　Scyros；　Lemnos；　or　Imbros　receive　an　allowance　for　their　maintenance。　The　military　offices　may　be　held　any　number　of　times；　but　none　of　the　others　more　than　once；　except　the　membership　of　the　Council；　　which　may　be　held　twice。

Part　63

　　The　juries　for　the　law…courts　are　chosen　by　lot　by　the　　nine　Archons；　each　for　their　own　tribe；　and　by　the　clerk　to　the　　Thesmothetae　for　the　tenth。　There　are　ten　entrances　into　the　courts；　one　for　each　tribe；　twenty　rooms　in　which　the　lots　are　drawn；　two　for　each　tribe；　a　hundred　chests；　ten　for　each　tribe；　other　chests；　in　which　are　placed　the　tickets　of　the　jurors　on　whom　the　lot　falls；　and　　two　vases。　Further；　staves；　equal　in　number　to　the　jurors　required；　are　　placed　by　the　side　of　each　entrance；　and　counters　are　put　into　one　vase；　equal　in　number　to　the　staves。　These　are　inscribed　with　letters　of　the　alphabet　beginning　with　the　eleventh　（lambda）；　equal　in　number　to　the　courts　which　require　to　be　filled。　All　persons　above　thirty　years　of　age　are　qualified　to　serve　as　jurors；　provided　they　are　not　debtors　to　the　state　and　have　not　lost　their　civil　rights。　If　any　unqualified　person　serves　as　juror；　an　information　is　laid　against　him；　and　he　is　brought　before　the　court；　and；　if　he　is　convicted；　the　jurors　assess　the　punishment　or　fine　which　they　consider　him　to　deserve。　If　he　is　condemned　to　a　money　fine；　he　must　be　imprisoned　until　he　has　paid　up　both　the　original　debt；　on　account　of　which　the　information　was　laid　against　him；　and　also　the　fine　which　　the　court　as　imposed　upon　him。　Each　juror　has　his　ticket　of　boxwood；　on　which　is　inscribed　his　name；　with　the　name　of　his　father　and　his　deme；　and　one　of　the　letters　of　the　alphabet　up　to　kappa；　for　the　jurors　in　their　several　tribes　are　divided　into　ten　sections；　with　　approximately　an　equal　number　in　each　letter。　When　the　Thesmothetes　has　decided　by　lot　which　letters　are　required　to　attend　at　the　courts；　the　servant　puts　up　above　each　court　the　letter　which　has　been　assigned　to　it　by　the　lot。

Part　64

　　The　ten　chests　above　mentioned　are　placed　in　front　of　the　entrance　used　by　each　tribe；　and　are　inscribed　with　the　letters　of　　the　alphabet　from　alpha　to　kappa。　The　jurors　cast　in　their　tickets；　each　into　the　chest　on　which　is　inscribed　the　letter　which　is　on　his　ticket；　then　the　servant　shakes　them　all　up；　and　the　Archon　draws　one　ticket　from　each　chest。　The　individual　so　selected　is　called　the　Ticket…hanger　（Empectes）；　and　his　function　is　to　hang　up　the　tickets　out　of　his　chest　on　the　bar　which　bears　the　same　letter　as　that　on　the　chest。　He　is　chosen　by　lot；　lest；　if　the　Ticket…hanger　were　always　the　same　person；　he　might　tamper　with　the　results。　There　are　five　of　　these　bars　in　each　of　the　rooms　assigned　for　the　lot…drawing。　Then　the　Archon　casts　in　the　dice　and　thereby　chooses　the　jurors　from　each　　tribe；　room　by　room。　The　dice　are　made　of　brass；　coloured　black　or　white；　and　according　to　the　number　of　jurors　required；　so　many　white　　dice　are　put　in；　one　for　each　five　tickets；　while　the　remainder　are　black；　in　the　same　proportion。　As　the　Archon　draws　out　the　dice；　the　crier　　calls　out　the　names　of　the　individuals　chosen。　The　Ticket…hanger　is　included　among　those　selected。　Each　juror；　as　he　is　chosen　and　answers　to　his　name；　draws　a　counter　from　the　vase；　and　holding　it　out　with　the　letter　uppermost　shows　it　first　to　the　presiding　Archon；　and　he；　when　he　has　seen　it；　throws　the　ticket　of　the　juror　into　the　chest　on　which　is　inscribed　the　letter　which　is　on　the　counter；　so　that　the　juror　must　go　into　the　court　assigned　to　him　by　lot；　and　not　into　one　chosen　by　himself；　and　that　it　may　be　impossible　for　any　one　to　collect　the　jurors　of　his　choice　into　any　particular　　court。　For　this　purpose　chests　are　placed　near　the　Archon；　as　many　in　number　as　there　are　courts　to　be　filled　that　day；　bearing　the　letters　of　the　courts　on　which　the　lot　has　fallen。

Part　65

　　The　juror　thereupon；　a