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     Semponius Atratinus                Sat in the Eastern Gate�察�Beside him were 

three Fathers�察           �Each   in   his   chair of state�察  �Fabius�察  �whose nine stout 

grandsons             That   day  were   in   the   field�察�And   Manlius�察  �eldest   of   the 

Twelve            Who keep the Golden Shield�察�And Sergius�察�the High Pontiff�察�

For   wisdom   far   renowned�察  �In   all   Etruria's   colleges           Was   no   such 

Pontiff found。 And all around the portal�察                  �And high above the wall�察�

Stood a great throng of people�察                 �But sad and silent all�察�Young lads 

and stooping elders              That might not bear the mail�察�Matrons with lips 

that quivered�察           �And maids with faces pale。 Since the first gleam of 

daylight�察           �Sempronius       had   not   ceased    To  listen   for  the  rushing 

Of horse´hoofs from the east。 The mist of eve was rising�察                        �The sun 

was   hastening   down�察  �When   he   was   aware   of   a   princely   pair          Fast 

pricking towards the town。 So like they were�察�man never                        Saw twins 

so like before�察�Red with gore their armor was�察                  �Their steeds were red 

with gore。 



                                          XXXVIII 



     ``Hail to the great Asylum�                �Hail to the hill´tops seven� �Hail to 

the   fire   that   burns   for   aye�察     �And   the   shield   that   fell   from   heaven� �

This   day�察  �by   Lake   Regillus�察         �Under   the   Porcian   height�察 �All   in   the 

lands   of   Tusculum             Was   fought   a   glorious   fight。   Tomorrow   your 

Dictator           Shall   bring   in   triumph   home   The   spoils   of   thirty   cities 

To deck the shrines of Rome��'' 



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                                          XXXIX 



     Then   burst   from   that   great   concourse          A  shout   that   shook   the 

towers�察�And some ran north�察�and some ran south�察                     �Crying�察�`The day 

is ours��'' But on rode these strange horsemen�察                 �With slow and lordly 

pace�察�And none who saw their bearing                   Durst ask their name or race。 

On rode they to the Forum�察               �While laurel´boughs and flowers�察�From 

house´tops      and  from    windows�察           �Fell   on   their  crests  in  showers。 

When   they   drew   nigh   to   Vesta�察          �They   vaulted   down   amain�察  �And 

washed their horses in the well                 That springs by Vesta's fane。 And 

straight again they mounted�察               �And rode to Vesta's door�察�Then�察�like a 

blast�察�away they passed�察             �And no man saw them more。 



                                             XL 



     And all the people trembled�察               �And pale grew every cheek�察�And 

Sergius   the   High   Pontiff          Alone   found   voice   to   speak�此   �`The   gods 

who live forever             Have fought for Rome to´day� �These be the Great 

Twin Brethren              To whom the Dorians pray。 Back comes the chief in 

triumph�察           �Who�察    �in  the  hour   of  fight�察 �Hath   seen   the   Great   Twin 

Brethren            In   harness   on   his   right。   Safe   comes   the   ship   to   haven�察�

Through      billows   and   through    gales�察  �If  once  the   Great   Twin   Brethren 

Sit   shining   on   the   sails。   Wherefore   they   washed   their   horses         In 

Vesta's holy well�察�Wherefore they rode to Vesta's door�察                    �I know�察�but 

may not tell。 Here�察�hard by Vesta's temple�察                �Build we a stately dome 

Unto the Great Twin Brethren                  Who fought so well for Rome。 And 

when the months returning                 Bring back this day of fight�察�The proud 

Ides    of  Quintilis�察        �Marked      evermore     with   white�察 �Unto    the  Great 

Twin   Brethren            Let   all   the   people   throng�察  �With   chaplets   and   with 

offerings�察           �With     music    and   with   song�察  �And    let  the  doors    and 

windows               Be    hung    with   garlands    all�察 �And   let  the  knights    be 

summoned               To   Mars    without    the  wall�此  �Thence    let  them   ride   in 

purple           With joyous trumpet´sound�察�Each mounted on his war´horse�察�

And each with olive crowned�察�And pass in solemn order                        Before the 



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sacred dome�察�Where dwell the Great Twin Brethren                           Who fought so 

well for Rome。'' 

                                                  Virginia 

       A   collection    consisting     exclusively     of  war´songs      would     give   an 

imperfect�察  �or   rather   an   erroneous�察  �notion   of   the   spirit   of   the   old   Latin 

ballads。 The Patricians�察�during more than a century after the expulsion of 

the Kings�察�held all the high military commands。 A Plebeian�察�even though�察�

like Lucius Siccius�察�he were distinguished by his valor and knowledge of 

war�察  �could   serve   only   in   subordinate   posts。   A   minstrel�察  �therefore�察  �who 

wished   to   celebrate   the   early  triumphs   of   his   country�察  �could   hardly   take 

any but Patricians for his heroes。 The warriors who are mentioned in the 

two   preceding   lays�察  �Horatius�察 �Lartius�察  �Herminius�察�Aulus   Posthumius�察            ‘b 

utius Elva�察�Sempronius Atratinus�察�Valerius Poplicola�察�were all members of 

the dominant order�察�and a poet who was singing their praises�察�whatever his 

own   political   opinions   might   be�察  �would   naturally   abstain   from   insulting 

the class to which they belonged�察�and from reflecting on the system which 

had placed such men at the head of the legions of the Commonwealth。 

     But there was a class of compositions in which the great families were 

by no means so courteously treated。 No parts of early Roman history are 

richer   with   poetical   coloring   than   those   which   relate   to   the   long   contest 

between   the   privileged   houses   and   the   commonality。   The   population   of 

Rome was�察�from a very early period�察�divided into hereditary castes�察�which�察�

indeed�察�readily united to repel foreign enemies�察�but which regarded each 

other�察�during many years�察�with bitter animosity。 Between those castes there 

was   a   barrier   hardly   less   strong   than   that   which�察  �at   Venice�察  �parted   the 

members of the Great Council from their countrymen。 In some respects�察�

indeed�察�the line which separated an Icilius or a Duilius from a Posthumius 

or a Fabius was even more deeply marked than that which separated the 

rower of gondola from a Contarini or a Morosini。 At Venice the distinction 

was   merely   civil。   At   Rome   it   was   both   civil   and   religious。   Among   the 

grievances       under    which     the   Plebeians     suffered�察   �three    were    felt  as 

peculiarly severe。 They were excluded from the highest magistracies�察�they 

were  excluded   from  all   share  in   the public lands�察  �and   they  were   ground 

down to the dust by partial and barbarous legislation touching pecuniary 



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contracts。 The ruling class in Rome was a moneyed class�察�and it made and 

administered   the   laws   with   a   view   solely   to   its   own   interest。   Thus   the 

relation   between   lender   and   borrower   was   mixed   up   with   the   relation 

between sovereign and subject。 The great men held a large portion of the 

community in dependence by means of advances at enormous usury。 The 

law of debt�察�framed by creditors�察�and for the protection of creditors�察�was 

the host horrible that has   ever been known   among men。 The liberty  and 

even the life of the insolvent were at the mercy of the Patrician money´ 

lenders。 Children often became slaves in consequence of the misfortunes 

of their parents。 The debtor was imprisoned�察�not in a public jail under the 

care     of  impartial     public    functionaries�察    �but   in   a  private    workhouse 

belonging      to  the   creditor。   Frightful    stories   were   told   respecting    these 

dungeons。 It was said that torture and brutal violation were common�察�that 

tight stocks�察�heavy chains�察�scanty measures of food�察�were used to punish 

wretches   guilty   of   nothing   but   poverty�察  �and   that   brave   soldiers�察  �whose 

breasts were covered with honorable scars�察�were often marked still more 

deeply on the back by the scourges of high´born usurers。 

     The Plebeians were�察�however�察�not wholly without constitutional rights。 

From  an   early  period   they  had   been   admitted   to   some   share   of   political 

power。 They were enrolled each in his century�察�and were allowed a share�察�

considerable   though   not   proportioned   to   their   numerical   strength�察  �in   the 

disposal     of   those    high    dignities   from     which    they    were    themselves 

excluded。 Thus their position bore some resemblance to that of the Irish 

Catholics   during   the   interval   between   the   year   1792   and   the   year   1829。 

The     Plebeians    had    also  the   privilege    of  annually     appointing     officers�察�

named      Tribunes�察    �who    had   no   active   share   in  the   government       of  the 

commonwealth�察�but who�察�by degree�察�acquired a power formidable even to 

the   ablest   and   most   resolute   Consuls   and   Dictators。   The   person   of   the 

Tribune was inviolable�察�and�察�though he could directly effect little�察�he could 

obstruct everything。 

     During more than a century after the institution of the Tribuneship�察�the 

Commons   struggled   manfully   for   the   removal   of   the   grievances   under 

which they labored�察�and�察�in spite of many checks and reverses�察�succeeded 

in wringing concession after concession from the stubborn aristocracy。 At 



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length   in    the   year  of   the  city   378�察  �both   parties   mustered     their  whole 

strength for their last and most desperate conflict。 The popular and active 

Tribune�察  �Caius   Licinius�察  �proposed   the   three   memorable   laws   which   are 

called   by   his   name�察  �and   which   were   intended   to   redress   the   three   great 

evils of which the Plebeians complained。 He was supported�察�with eminent 

ability    and    firmness�察   �by   his   colleague�察   �Lucius     Sextius。    The    struggle 

appears to have been the fiercest that every in any community terminated 

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