the origins of contemporary france-2-第6章

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d'Aine；　March　12th；　of　M。　d'Agay；　April　30th；　of　M。　Amelot；　April

25th；　of　the　municipal　authorities　of　Nantes；　January　9th；　etc。



＇22＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　pp。　　380…389。



＇23＇　Floquet；　VII。　　508；　（Report　of　February　27th）。　　…　　Hippeau；　〃La

Gouvernement　de　Normandie；〃　IV。　　377。　　（Letter　of　M。　Perrot；　June

23rd。）　　　〃　Archives　Nationales；〃　H。　　1453。　　Letter　of　M。　de

Sainte…Suzanne；　April　29th。　　Ibid。　　F7；　3250。　　Letter　of　M。　de

Rochambeau；　May　16th　Ibid。　　F7；　3250。　　Letter　of　the　Abbé　Duplaquet；

Deputy　of　the　Third　Estate　of　Saint…Quentin；　May　17th。　　Letter　of

three　husbandmen　in　the　environs　of　Saint…Quentin；　May　14th。



＇24＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　H。　　1453。　　Letter　of　the　Count　de

Perigord；　military　commandant　of　Languedoc；　April　22nd。



＇25＇　Floquet；　VII。　　511　（from　the　11th　to　the　14th　July）。



＇26＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　H。　　1453。　　Letter　of　the　municipal

authorities　of　Nantes；　January　9th；　of　the　sub…delegate　of　Plo？rmel；

July　4th；　ibid。　　F7；　2353。　　Letter　of　the　intermediary　commission　of

Alsace；　September　8th　ibid。　　F7；　3227。　　Letter　of　the　intendant；

Caze　de　la　Bove；　June　16th　；　ibid。　　H。　　1453。　　Letter　of　Terray；

intendant　of　Lyons；　July　4th；　of　the　prévot　des　échevins；　July　5th

and　7th。



＇27＇　（A　tax　on　all　goods　entering　a　town。　　SR。）



＇28＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　H。　　1453。　　Letter　of　the　mayor　and

councils　of　Agde；　April　21st；　of　M。　de　Perigord；　April　19th；　May

5th。



＇29＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　H。　　1453。　　Letters　of　M。　de　Caraman；

March　23rd；　26th　27th　28th；　of　the　seneschal　Missiessy；　March　24th；

of　the　mayor　of　Hyères；　March　25th；　etc。；　ibid。　　H。　　1274；　of　M。　de

Montmayran；　April　2nd；　of　M。　de　Caraman；　March　18th　；　April　12th；　of

the　intendant；　M。　de　la　Tour；　April　2nd；　of　the　procureur…géneral；

M。　d'Antheman；　April　17th；　and　the　report　of　June　15th；　of　the

municipal　authorities　of　Toulon；　April　11th；　of　the　sub…delegate　of

Manosque；　March　14th；　of　M。　de　Saint…Tropez；　March　21st。　　…　　Minutes

of　the　meeting；　signed　by　119　witnesses；　of　the　insurrection　at　Aix；

March　5th；　etc。



＇30＇　An　uprising　of　the　peasants。　　The　term　is　used　to　indicate　a

country　mob　in　contradistinction　to　a　city　or　town　mob。…Tr。



＇31＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　H。1274。　　Letter　of　M。　de　la　Tour；　April

2nd　（with　a　detailed　memorandum　and　depositions）。



＇32＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　H。　　1274。　　Letter　of　M。　de　Caraman；

April　22nd：　…〃One　real　benefit　results　from　this　misfortune。　　。　　。

The　well…to…do　class　is　brought　to　sustain　that　which　exceeded　the

strength　of　the　poor　daily　laborers。　　We　see　the　nobles　and　people

in　good　circumstances　a　little　more　attentive　to　the　poor　peasants：

they　are　now　habituated　to　speaking　to　them　with　more　gentleness。〃

M。　de　Caraman　was　wounded；　as　well　as　his　Son；　at　Aix；　and　if　the

Soldiery；　who　were　stoned；　at　length　fired　on　the　crowd；　he　did　not

give　the　order。　　　Ibid；　letter　of　M。　d'Anthéman；　April　17th；　of　M。

de　Barentin；　June　11th。







CHAPTER　II。　　PARIS　UP　TO　THE　14TH　OF　JULY。



I。



Mob　recruits　in　the　vicinity。…　Entry　of　vagabonds。　　…　The　number　of

paupers。



INDEED　it　is　in　the　center　that　the　convulsive　shocks　are　strongest。

Nothing　is　lacking　to　aggravate　the　insurrection　　neither　the

liveliest　provocation　to　stimulate　it；　nor　the　most　numerous　bands

to　carry　it　out。　　The　environs　of　Paris　all　furnish　recruits　for　it；

nowhere　are　there　so　many　miserable　wretches；　so　many　of　the

famished；　and　so　many　rebellious　beings。　　Robberies　of　grain　take

place　everywhere　　at　Orleans；　at　Cosne；　at　Rambouillet；　at　Jouy；

at　Pont…Saint…Maxence；　at　Bray…sur…Seine；　at　Sens；　at　Nangis。＇1＇

Wheat　flour　is　so　scarce　at　Meudon；　that　every　purchaser　is　ordered

to　buy　at　the　same　time　an　equal　quantity　of　barley。　　At　Viroflay；

thirty　women；　with　a　rear…guard　of　men；　stop　on　the　main　road

vehicles；　which　they　suppose　to　be　loaded　with　grain。　　At　Montlhéry

stones　and　clubs　disperse　seven　brigades　of　the　police。　　An　immense

throng　of　eight　thousand　persons；　women　and　men；　provided　with　bags；

fall　upon　the　grain　exposed　for　sale。　　They　force　the　delivery　to

them　of　wheat　worth　40　francs　at　24　francs；　pillaging　the　half　of　it

and　conveying　it　off　without　payment。　　〃The　constabulary　is

disheartened；〃　writes　the　sub…delegate；　〃the　determination　of　the

people　is　wonderful；　I　am　frightened　at　what　I　have　seen　and　heard。〃

　After　the　13th　of　July；　1788；　the　day　of　the　hail…storm；　despair

seized　the　peasantry；　well　disposed　as　the　proprietors　may　have

been；　it　was　impossible　　to　assist　them。　　〃Not　a　workshop　is

open；＇2＇　the　noblemen　and　the　bourgeois；　obliged　to　grant　delays　in

the　payment　of　their　incomes；　can　give　no　work。〃　Accordingly；　〃the

famished　people　are　on　the　point　of　risking　life　for　life；〃　and；

publicly　and　boldly；　they　seek　food　wherever　it　can　be　found。　　At

Conflans…Saint…Honorine；　Eragny；　Neuville；　Chenevières；　at　Cergy；

Pontoise；　Ile…Adam；　Presle；　and　Beaumont；　men；　women；　and　children；

the　hole　parish；　range　the　country；　set　snares；　and　destroy　the

burrows。　　〃The　rumor　is　current　that　the　Government；　informed　of　the

damage　done　by　the　game　to　cultivators；　allows　its　destruction　。　　。

。　　and　really　the　hares　ravaged　about　a　fifth　of　the　crop。　　At　first

an　arrest　is　made　of　nine　of　these　poachers；　but　they　are　released；

〃taking　circumstances　into　account。〃　Consequently；　for　two　months；

there　is　a　slaughter　on　the　property　of　the　Prince　de　Conti　and　of

the　Ambassador　Mercy　d'Argenteau；　in　default　of　bread　they　eat

rabbits。　　　Along　with　the　abuse　of　property　they　are　led；　by　a

natural　impulse；　to　attack　property　itself。　　Near　Saint…Denis　the

woods　belonging　to　the　abbey　are　devastated。　　〃The　farmers　of　the

neighborhood　carry　away　loads　of　wood；　drawn　by　four　and　five

horses；〃　the　inhabitants　of　the　villages　of　Ville…Parisis；　Tremblay；

Vert…Galant；　Villepinte；　sell　it　publicly；　and　threaten　the　wood…

rangers　with　a　beating。　　On　the　15th　of　June　the　damage　is　already

estimated　at　60；000　livres。　　　It　makes　little　difference　whether

the　proprietor　has　been　benevolent；　like　M。　de　Talaru；＇3＇　who　had

supported　the　poor　on　his　estate　at　Issy　the　preceding　winter。　　The

peasants　destroy　the　dike　which　conducts　water　to　his　communal　mill；

condemned　by　the　parliament　to　restore　it；　they　declare　that　not

only　will　they　not　obey。　　Should　M。　de　Talaru　try　to　rebuild　it　they

will　return　with　three　hundred　armed　men；　and　tear　it　away　the

second　time。



For　those　who　are　most　compromised　Paris　is　the　nearest　refuge。　　For

the　poorest　and　most　exasperated；　the　door　of　nomadic　life　stands

wide　open。　　Bands　rise　up　around　the　capital；　just　as　in　countries

where　human　society　has　not　yet　been　formed；　or　has　ceased　to　exist。

During　the　first　two　weeks　of　May＇4＇　near　Villejuif　a　band　of　five

or　six　hundred　vagabonds　strive　to　force　Bicêtre　and　approach　Saint…

Cloud。　　They　arrive　from　thirty；　forty；　and　sixty　leagues　off；　from

Champagne；　from　Lorraine；　from　the　whole　circuit　of　country

devastated　by　the　hailstorm。　　All　hover　around　Paris　and　are　there

engulfed　as　in　a　sewer；　the　unfortunate　along　with　criminals；　some

to　find　work；　others　to　beg　and　to　rove　about　under　the　injurious

prompting　of　hunger　and　the　rumors　of　the　public　thoroughfares。

During　the　last　days　of　April；＇5＇　the　clerks　at　the　tollhouses　note

the　entrance　of　〃a　frightful　number　of　poorly　clad　men　of　sinister

aspect。〃　During　the　first　days　of　May　a　change　in　the　appearance　of

the　crowd　is　remarked。　　There　mingle　in　it　〃a　number　of　foreigners；

from　all　countries；　most　of　them　in　rags；　armed　with　big　sticks；　and

whose　very　aspect　announces　what　is　to　be　feared　from　them。〃

Already；　before　this　final　influx；　the　public　sink　is　full　to

overflowing。　　Think　of　the　extraordinary　and　rapid　increase　of

population　in　Paris；　the　multitude　of　artisans　brought　there　by

recent　demolition　and　constructions。　　Think　of　all　the　craftsmen

whom　the　stagnation　of　manufactures；　the　augmentation　of　octrois；

the　rigor　of　winter；　and　the　dearness　of　bread　have　reduced　to

extreme　distress。　　Remember　that　in　1786　〃two　hundred　thousand

persons　are　counted　whose　property；　all　told；　has　not　the　intrinsic

worth　of　fifty　crowns。〃　Remember　that；　from　time　immemorial；　these

have　been　at　war　with　the　city　watchmen。　　Remember　that　in　1789

there　are　twenty　thousand　poachers　in　the　capital　and　that；　to

provide　them　with　work；　it　is　found　necessary　to　establish　national

workshops。　　Remember　〃that　twelve　thousand　are　kept　uselessly

occupied　digging　on　the　hill　of　Montmartre；　and　paid　twenty　sous　per

day。　　Remember　that　the　wharves　and　quays　are　covered　with　them；

that　the　H？tel…de…Ville　is　invested　by　them；　and　that；　around　the

palace；　they　seem　to　be　a　reproach　to　the　inactivity　of　disarmed

justice。〃　Daily　they　grow　bitter　and　excited　around　the　doors　of　the

bakeries；　where；　kept　waiting　a　long　time；　they　are　not　sure　of

obtaining　bread。　　You　can　imagine　the　fury　and　the　force　with　which

they　will　storm　any　obstacle　to　which　their　attention　may　be

directed。





II。　　The　Press。



Excitement　of　the　press　and　of　opinion。　　…　The　people　make　their

choice。



Such　an　obstacle　has　been　pointed　out　to　them　during　the　last　two

years；　it　is　the　Ministry；　the　Court；　the　Government；　in　short　the

entire　ancient　régime。　　Whoever　protests　against　it　in　favor　of　the

people　is　sure　to　be　followed　as　far；　and　perhaps　even　farther；　than

he　chooses　to　lead。　　　The　moment　the　Parliament　of　a　large　city

refuses　to　register　fiscal　edicts　it　finds　a　riot　at　its　service。

On　the　7th　of　June　1788；　at　Grenoble；　tiles　rain　down　on　the　heads

of　the　soldiery；　and　the　military　force　is　powerless。　　At　Rennes；　to

put　down　the　rebellious　city；　an　army　and　after　this　a　permanent

camp　of　four　regiments　of　infantry　and　two　of　cavalry；　under　the

command　of　a　Marshal　of　France；　is　required。＇6＇　　…　　The　following

year；　when　the　Parliaments　now　side　with　the　privileged　class；　the

disturbances　again　begin；　but　this　time　against　the　Parliaments。　　In

February　1789；　at　Besan？on　and　at　Aix；　the　magistrates　are　hooted

at；　chased　in　the　streets；　besieged　in　the　town　hall；　and　obliged　to

conceal　themselves　or　take　to　flight。　　　If　such　is　the　disposition

in　the　provincial　capitals；　what　must　it　be　in　the　capital　of　the

kingdom？　For　a　start；　in　the　month　of　August；　1788；　after　the

dismissal　of　Brienne　and　Lamoignon；　the　mob；　collected　on　the　Place

Dauphine；　constitutes　itself　judge；　burns　both　ministers　in　effigy；

disperses　the　watch；　and　resists　the　troops：　no　sedition；　as　bloody

as　this；　had　been　seen　for　a　century。　　Two　days　later；　the　riot

bursts　out　a　second　time；　the　people　are　seized　with　a　resolve　to　go

and　burn　the　residences　of　the　two　ministers　and　that　of　Dubois；　the

lieutenant　of　police。　　　Clearly　a　new　ferment　has　been　infused

among　the　ignorant　and　brutal　masses；　and　the　new　ideas　are

producing　their　effect。　　They　have