the origins of contemporary france-2-第11章

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saying；　〃Salute　thy　master　！　〃　　This　is　the　last　joke：　it　is　to　be

found　in　every　triumph；　and　inside　the　butcher；　we　find　the　rogue。





VII。



Murders　of　Foulon　and　Berthier。



Meanwhile；　at　the　Palais…Royal；　other　buffoons；　who　with　the　levity

of　gossips　sport　with　lives　as　freely　as　with　words；　have　drawn　u。

During　the　night　between　the　13th　and　14th　of　July；　a　list　of

proscriptions；　copies　of　which　are　hawked　about。　　Care　is　taken　to

address　one　of　them　to　each　of　the　persons　designated；　the　Comte

d'Artois；　Marshal　de　Broglie；　the　Prince　de　Lambesc；　Baron　de

Bezenval；　MM。　de　Breteuil；　Foulon；　Berthier；　Maury；　d'Espréménil；

Lefèvre　d'Amécourt；　and　others　besides。＇48＇　　A　reward　is　promised　to

whoever　will　bring　their　heads　to　the　Café　de　Caveau。　　Here　are

names　for　the　unchained　multitude；　all　that　now　is　necessary　is　that

some　band　should　encounter　a　man　who　is　denounced；　he　will　go　as　far

as　the　lamppost　at　the　street　corner；　but　not　beyond　it。　　…

Throughout　the　day　of　the　14th；　this　improvised　tribunal　holds　a

permanent　session；　and　follows　up　its　decisions　with　its　actions。

M。　de　Flesselles；　provost　of　the　merchants　and　president　of　the

electors　at　the　H？tel…de…Ville；　having　shown　himself　somewhat

lukewarm；＇49＇　the　Palais…Royal　declares　him　a　traitor　and　sends　him

off　to　be　hung。　　On　the　way　a　young　man　fells　him　with　a　pistol…

shot；　others　fall　upon　his　body；　while　his　head；　borne　upon　a　pike；

goes　to　join　that　of　M。　de　Launay。　　　Equally　deadly　accusations

and　of　equally　speedy　execution　float　in　the　air　and　from　every

direction。　　〃On　the　slightest　pretext；〃　says　an　elector；　〃they

denounced　to　us　those　whom　they　thought　opposed　to　the　Revolution；

which　already　signified　the　same　as　enemies　of　the　State。　　Without

any　investigation；　there　was　only　talk　of　the　seizure　of　their

persons；　the　ruin　of　their　homes；　and　the　razing　of　their　houses。

One　young　man　exclaimed：　'Follow　me　at　once；　let　us　start　off　at

once　to　Bezenval's！'〃　　　Their　brains　are　so　frightened；　and　their

minds　so　distrustful；　that　at　every　step　in　the　streets　〃one's　name

has　to　be　given；　one's　profession　declared；　one's　residence；　and

one's　intentions　。　　。　　。。　　One　can　neither　enter　nor　leave　Paris

without　being　suspected　of　treason。〃　The　Prince　de　Montbarrey；

advocate　of　the　new　ideas；　and　his　wife；　are　stopped　in　their

carriage　at　the　barrier；　and　are　on　the　point　of　being　cut　to

pieces。　　A　deputy　of　the　nobles；　on　his　way　to　the　National

Assembly；　is　seized　in　his　cab　and　conducted　to　the　Place　de　Grève；

the　corpse　of　M。　de　Launay　is　shown　to　him；　and　he　is　told　that　he

is　to　be　treated　in　the　same　fashion。　　…　　Every　life　hangs　by　a

thread；　and；　on　the　following　days；　when　the　King　had　sent　away　his

troops；　dismissed　his　Ministers；　recalled　Necker；　and　granted

everything；　the　danger　remains　just　as　great。　　The　multitude；

abandoned　to　the　revolutionaries　and　to　itself；　continues　the　same

bloody　antics；　while　the　municipal　chiefs＇50＇　whom　it　has　elected；

Bailly；　Mayor　of　Paris；　and　Lafayette；　commandant　of　the　National

Guard；　are　obliged　to　use　cunning；　to　implore；　to　throw　themselves

between　the　multitude　and　the　unfortunates　whom　they　wish　to

destroy。



On　the　15th　of　July；　in　the　night；　a　woman　disguised　as　a　man　is

arrested　in　the　court　of　the　H？tel…de…Ville；　and　so　maltreated　that

she　faints　away；　Bailly；　in　order　to　save　her；　is　obliged　to　feign

anger　against　her　and　have　her　sent　immediately　to　prison。　　From　the

14th　to　the　22nd　of　July；　Lafayette；　at　the　risk　of　his　life；　saves

with　his　own　hand　seventeen　persons　in　different　quarters。＇51＇　　On

the　22nd　of　July；　upon　the　denunciations　which　multiply　around　Paris

like　trains　of　gunpowder；　two　administrators　of　high　rank；　M。

Foulon；　Councillor　of　State；　and　M。　Berthier；　his　son…in…law；　are

arrested；　one　near　Fontainebleau；　and　the　other　near　Compiègne。　　M。

Foulon；　a　strict　master；＇52＇　but　intelligent　and　useful；　expended

sixty　thousand　francs　the　previous　winter　on　his　estate　in　giving

employment　to　the　poor。　　M。　Berthier；　an　industrious　and　capable

man；　had　officially　surveyed　and　valued　Ile…de…France；　to　equalize

the　taxes；　and　had　reduced　the　overcharged　quotas　first　one…eighth

and　then　a　quarter。　　But　both　of　these　gentlemen　have　arranged　the

details　of　the　camp　against　which　Paris　has　risen；　both　are　publicly

proscribed　for　eight　days　previously　by　the　Palais…Royal；　and；　with

a　people　frightened　by　disorder；　exasperated　by　hunger；　and

stupefied　by　suspicion；　an　accused　person　is　a　guilty　one。　　　With

regard　to　Foulon；　as　with　Réveillon；　a　story　is　made　up；　coined　in

the　same　mint；　a　sort　of　currency　for　popular　circulation；　and　which

the　people　itself　manufactures　by　casting　into　one　tragic　expression

the　sum　of　its　sufferings　and　rankling　memories：＇53＇　〃He　said　that

we　were　worth　no　more　than　his　horses；　and　that　if　we　had　no　bread

we　had　only　to　eat　grass。〃　　The　old　man　of　seventy…four　is　brought

to　Paris；　with　a　truss　of　hay　on　his　head；　a　collar　of　thistles

around　his　neck；　and　his　mouth　stuffed　with　hay。　　In　vain　does　the

electoral　bureau　order　his　imprisonment　that　he　may　be　saved；　the

crowd　yells　out：　〃Sentenced　and　hung！〃　and；　authoritatively；

appoints　the　judges。　　In　vain　does　Lafayette　insist　and　entreat

three　times　that　the　judgment　be　regularly　rendered；　and　that　the

accused　be　sent　to　the　Abbaye。　　A　new　wave　of　people　comes　up；　and

one　man；　〃well　dressed；〃　cries　out：　〃What　is　the　need　of　a　sentence

for　a　man　who　has　been　condemned　for　thirty　years？〃　Foulon　is

carried　off；　dragged　across　the　square；　and　hung　to　the　lamp　post。

The　cord　breaks　twice；　and　twice　he　falls　upon　the　pavement。　　Re…

hung　with　a　fresh　cord　and　then　cut　down；　his　head　is　severed　from

his　body　and　placed　on　the　end　of　a　pike。＇54＇　　Meanwhile；　Berthier；

sent　away　from　Compiègne　by　the　municipality；　afraid　to　keep　him　in

his　prison　where　he　was　constantly　menaced；　arrives　in　a　cabriolet

under　escort。　　The　people　carry　placards　around　him　filled　with

opprobrious　epithets；　in　changing　horses　they　threw　hard　black　bread

into　the　carriage；　exclaiming；　〃There；　wretch；　see　the　bread　you

made　us　eat！〃　On　reaching　the　church　of　Saint…Merry；　a　fearful　storm

of　insults　burst　forth　against　him。　　He　is　called　a　monopolist；

〃although　he　had　never　bought　or　sold　a　grain　of　wheat。〃　In　the　eyes

of　the　multitude；　who　has　to　explain　the　evil　as　caused　by　some

evil…doer；　he　is　the　author　of　the　famine。　　Conducted　to　the　Abbaye；

his　escort　is　dispersed　and　he　is　pushed　over　to　the　lamp　post。

Then；　seeing　that　all　is　lost；　he　snatches　a　gun　from　one　of　his

murderers　and　bravely　defends　himself。　　A　soldier　of　the　〃Royal

Croats〃　gives　him　a　cut　with　his　saber　across　the　stomach；　and

another　tears　out　his　heart。　　As　the　cook；　who　had　cut　off　the　head

of　M。　de　Launay；　happens　to　be　on　the　spot；　they　hand　him　the　heart

to　carry　while　the　soldiers　take　the　head；　and　both　go　to　the　H？tel…

de…Ville　to　show　their　trophies　to　M。　de　Lafayette。　　On　their　return

to　the　Palais…Royal；　and　while　they　are　seated　at　table　in　a　tavern；

the　people　demand　these　two　remains。　　They　throw　them　out　of　the

window　and　finish　their　supper；　whilst　the　heart　is　marched　about

below　in　a　bouquet　of　white　carnations。　　　Such　are　the　spectacles

which　this　garden　presents　where；　a　year　before；　〃good　society　in

full　dress〃　came　on　leaving　the　Opera　to　chat；　often　until　two

o'clock　in　the　morning；　under　the　mild　light　of　the　moon；　listening

now　to　the　violin　of　Saint…Georges；　and　now　to　the　charming　voice　of

Garat。





VIII。



Paris　in　the　hands　of　the　people。



Henceforth　it　is　clear　that　no　one　is　safe：　neither　the　new　militia

nor　the　new　authorities　suffice　to　enforce　respect　for　the　law。

〃They　did　not　dare；〃　says　Bailly；＇55＇　〃oppose　the　people　who；　eight

days　before　this；　had　taken　the　Bastille。〃　　　In　vain；　after　the

last　two　murders；　do　Bailly　and　Lafayette　indignantly　threaten　to

withdraw；　they　are　forced　to　remain；　their　protection；　such　as　it

is；　is　all　that　is　left；　and；　if　the　National　Guard　is　unable　to

prevent　every　murder；　it　prevents　some　of　them。　　People　live　as　they

can　under　the　constant　expectation　of　fresh　popular　violence。　　〃To

every　impartial　man；〃　says　Malouet；　〃the　Terror　dates　from　the　14th

of　July〃。　　…　　On　the　17th；　before　setting　out　for　Paris；　the　King

attends　communion　and　makes　his　will　in　anticipation　of

assassination。　　From　the　16th　to　the　18th；　twenty　personages　of　high

rank；　among　others　most　of　those　on　whose　heads　a　price　is　set　by

the　Palais…Royal；　leave　France：　The　Count　d'Artois；　Marshal　de

Broglie；　the　Princes　de　Condé；　de　Conti；　de　Lambesc；　de　Vaudemont；

the　Countess　de　Polignac；　and　the　Duchesses　de　Polignac　and　de

Guiche。　　　The　day　following　the　two　murders；　M。　de　Crosne；　M。

Doumer；　M。　Sureau；　the　most　zealous　and　most　valuable　members　of　the

committee　on　subsistence；　all　those　appointed　to　make　purchases　and

to　take　care　of　the　storehouses；　conceal　themselves　or　fly。　　On　the

eve　of　the　two　murders；　the　notaries　of　Paris；　being　menaced　with　a

riot；　had　to　advance　45；000　francs　which　were　promised　to　the

workmen　of　the　Faubourg　Saint…Antoine；　while　the　public　treasury；

almost　empty；　is　drained　of　30；000　livres　per　day　to　diminish　the

cost　of　bread。　　　Persons　and　possessions；　great　and　small；　private

individuals　and　public　functionaries；　the　Government　itself；　all　is

in　the　hands　of　the　mob。　　〃From　this　moment；〃　says　a　deputy；＇56＇

〃liberty　did　not　exist　even　in　the　National　Assembly　。　　。　　。　　France

stood　dumb　before　thirty　factious　persons。　　The　Assembly　became　in

their　hands　a　passive　instrument；　which　they　forced　to　serve　them　in

the　execution　of　their　projects。〃　　　They　themselves　do　not　lead；

although　they　seem　to　lead。　　The　great　brute；　which　has　taken　the

bit　in　its　mouth；　holds　on　to　it；　and　it's　plunging　becomes　more

violent。　　Not　only　do　both　spurs　which　maddened　it；　I　mean　the

desire　for　innovation　and　the　daily　scarcity　of　food；　continue　to

prick　it　on。　　But　also　the　political　hornets　which；　increasing　by

thousands；　buzz　around　its　ears。　　And　the　license　in　which　it　revels

for　the　first　time；　joined　to　the　applause　lavished　upon　it；　urges

it　forward　more　violently　each　day。　　The　insurrection　is　glorified。

Not　one　of　the　assassins　is　sought　out。　　It　is　against　the

conspiracy　of　Ministers　that　the　Assembly　institutes　an　inquiry。

Rewards　are　bestowed　upon　the　conquerors　of　the　Bastille；　it　is

declared　that　they　have　saved　France。　　All　honors　are　awarded　to　the

people…to　their　good　sense；　their　magnanimity；　and　their　justice。

Adoration　is　paid　to　this　new　sovereign：　he　is　publicly　and

officially　told；　in　the　Assembly　and　by　the　press；　that　he　possesses

every　virtue；　all　rights　and　all　powers。　　If　he　spills　blood　it　is

inadvertently；　on　provocation；　and　always　with　an　infallible

instinct。　　Moreover；　says　a　deputy；　〃this　blood