pioneers of the old south-第21章

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the　Quaker；　came　the　thought　of　freedom　there　for　the　Society　of　Friends。
The　second　Charles　owed　an　old　debt　to　Penn's　father。　He　paid　it　in　1681　by
giving　to　the　son；　whom　he　liked；　a　province　in　America。　Little　by　little；
in　order　to　gain　for　Penn　access　to　the　sea；　the　terms　of　his　grant　were
widened　until　it　included；　beside　the　huge　Pennsylvanian　region；　the　tract
that　is　now　Delaware；　which　was　then　claimed　by　Baltimore。　Maryland
protested　against　the　grant　to　Penn；　as　Virginia　had　protested　against　the
grant　to　Baltimoreand　equally　in　vain。　England　was　early　set　upon　the
road　to　many　colonies　in　America；　destined　later　to　become　many　States。　One
by　one　they　were　carved　out　of　the　first　great　unity。

In　1685　the　tolerant　Charles　the　Second　died。　James　the　Second；　a　Catholic；
ruled　England　for　about　three　years；　and　then　fled　before　the　Revolution　of
1688。　William　and　Mary；　sovereigns　of　a　Protestant　England；　came　to　the
throne。　We　have　seen　that　the　Proprietary　of　Maryland　and　his　numerous
kinsmen　and　personal　adherents　were　Catholics。　Approximately　one　in　eight
of　other　Marylanders　were　fellows　in　that　faith。　Another　eighth　of　the
people　held　with　the　Church　of　England。　The　rest；　the　mass　of　the　folk；
were　dissenters　from　that　Church。　And　now　all　the　Protestant　elements
togetherthe　Quakers　ex　excepted　solidified　into　political　and　religious
opposition　to　the　Proprietary's　rule。　Baltimore；　still　in　England；　had
immediately；　upon　the　accession　of　William　and　Mary；　dispatched　orders　to
the　Maryland　Council　to　proclaim　them　King　and　Queen。　But　his　messenger
died　at　sea；　and　there　was　delay　in　sending　another。　In　Maryland　the
Council　would　not　proclaim　the　new　sovereigns　without　instructions；　and　it
was　even　rumored　that　Catholic　Maryland　meant　to　withstand　the　new　order。

In　effect　the　old　days　were　over。　The　Protestants；　Churchmen　and　Dissenters
alike；　proceeded　to　organize　under　a　new　leader；　one　John　Coode。　They
formed　〃An　Association　in　arms　for　the　defense　of　the　Protestant　religion；
and　for　asserting　the　right　of　King　William　and　Queen　Mary　to　the　Province
of　Maryland　and　all　the　English　Dominions。〃　Now　followed　a　confused　time　of
accusations　and　counter…accusations；　with　assertions　that　Maryland
Catholics　were　conspiring　with　the　Indians　to　perpetrate　a　new　St。
Bartholomew　massacre　of　Protestants；　and　hot　counter…assertions　that　this
is　〃a　sleveless　fear　and　imagination　fomented　by　the　artifice　of　some
ill…minded　persons。〃　In　the　end　Coode　assembled　a　force　of　something　less
than　a　thousand　men　and　marched　against　St。　Mary's。　The　Council；　which　had
gathered　there；　surrendered；　and　the　Association　for　the　Defense　found
itself　in　power。　It　proceeded　to　call　a　convention　and　to　memorialize　the
King　and　Queen；　who　in　the　end　approved　its　course。　Maryland　passed　under
the　immediate　government　of　the　Crown。　Lord　Baltimore　might　still　receive
quit…rents　and　customs；　but　his　governmental　rights　were　absorbed　into　the
monarchy。　Sir　Lionel　Copley　came　out　as　Royal　Governor；　and　a　new　order
began　in　Maryland。

The　heyday　of　Catholic　freedom　was　past。　England　would　have　a　Protestant
America。　Episcopalians　were　greatly　in　the　minority；　but　their　Church　now
became　dominant　over　both　Catholic　and　Dissenter；　and　where　the　freethinker
raised　his　head　he　was　smitten　down。　Catholic　and　Dissenter　and　all　alike　were
taxed　to　keep　stable　the　Established　Church。　The　old　tolerance；　such　as　it
was；　was　over。　Maryland　paced　even　with　the　rest　of　the　world。

Presently　the　old　capital　of　St。　Mary's　was　abandoned。　The　government
removed　to　the　banks　of　the　Severn；　to　Providencesoon；　when　Anne　should
be　Queen；　to　be　renamed　Annapolis。　In　vain　the　inhabitants　of　St。　Mary's
remonstrated。　The　center　of　political　gravity　in　Maryland　had　shifted。

The　third　Lord　Baltimore　died　in　1715。　His　son　Benedict；　fourth　lord；
turned　from　the　Catholic　Church　and　became　a　member　of　the　Church　of
England。　Dying　presently；　he　left　a　young　son；　Charles；　fifth　Lord
Baltimore；　to　be　brought　up　in　the　fold　of　the　Established　Church。
Reconciled　now　to　the　dominant　creed；　with　a　Maryland　where　Catholics　were
heavily　penalized；　Baltimore　resumed　the　government　under　favor　of　the
Crown。　But　it　was　a　government　with　a　difference。　In　Maryland；　as
everywhere；　the　people　were　beginning　to　hold　the　reins。　Not　again　the　old
lord　and　the　old　underling！　For　years　to　come　the　lords　would　say　that
they　governed；　but　strong　life　arose　beneath；　around；　and　above　their
governing。

Maryland　had　by　1715　within　her　bounds　more　than　forty　thousand　white　men
and　nearly　ten　thousand　black　men。　She　still　planted　and　shipped　tobacco；
but　presently　found　how　well　she　might　raise　wheat；　and　that　it；　too；　was
valuable　to　send　away　in　exchange　for　all　kinds　of　manufactured　things。
Thus　Maryland　began　to　be　a　land　of　wheat　still　more　than　a　land　of　tobacco。

For　the　rest；　conditions　of　life　in　Maryland　paralleled　pretty　closely
those　in　Virginia。　Maryland　was　almost　wholly　rural；　her　plantations　and
farms　were　reached　with　difficulty　by　roads　hardly　more　than　bridle…paths；
or　with　ease　by　sailboat　and　rowboat　along　the　innumerable　waterways。
Though　here　and　there　manorslarge；　easygoing；　patriarchal　places；　with
vague；　feudal　ways　and　customswere　to　be　found；　the　moderate　sized
plantation　was　the　rule。　Here　stood；　in　sight　usually　of　blue　water；　the
planter's　dwelling　of　brick　or　wood。　Around　it　grew　up　the　typical
outhouses；　household　offices；　and　storerooms；　farther　away　yet　clustered
the　cabin　quarters　alike　of　slaves　and　indentured　labor。　Then　stretched　the
fields　of　corn　and　wheat；　the　fields　of　tobacco。　Here；　at　river　or　bay
side；　was　the　home　wharf　or　landing。　Here　the　tobacco　was　rolled　in　casks；
here　rattled　the　anchor　of　the　ship　that　was　to　take　it　to　England　and
bring　in　return　a　thousand　and　one　manufactured　articles。　There　were　no
factories　in　Maryland　or　Virginia。　Yet　artisans　were　found　among　the
plantation　laborers〃carpenters；　coopers；　sawyers；　blacksmiths；　tanners；
curriers；　shoemakers；　spinners；　weavers；　and　knitters。〃　Throughout　the
colonies；　as　in　every　new　country；　men　and　women；　besides　being
agriculturists；　produced　homemade　much　that　men；　women；　and　children
needed。　But　many　other　articles　and　all　luxuries　came　in　the　ships　from
overseas；　and　the　harvest　of　the　fields　paid　the　account。



CHAPTER　XIV。　THE　CAROLINAS

The　first　settlers　on　the　banks　of　the　James　River；　looking　from　beneath
their　hands　southward　over　plain　land　and　a　haze　of　endless　forests；　called
that　unexplored　country　South　Virginia。　It　stretched　away　to　those　rivers
and　bays；　to　that　island　of　Roanoke；　whence　had　fled　Raleigh's　settlers。
Beyond　that；　said　the　James　River　men；　was　Florida。　Time　passed；　and　the
region　of　South　Virginia　was　occasionally　spoken　of　as　Carolina；　though
whether　that　name　was　drawn　from　Charles　the　First　of　England；　or　whether
those　old　unfortunate　Huguenots　in　Florida　had　used　it　with　reference　to
Charles　the　Ninth　of　France；　is　not　certainly　known。

South　Virginia　lay　huge；　unknown；　unsettled。　The　only　exception　was　the
country　immediately　below　the　southern　banks　of　the　lower　James　with　the
promontory　that　partially　closed　in　Chesapeake　Bay。　Virginia；　growing　fast；
at　last　sent　her　children　into　this　region。　In　1653　the　Assembly　enacted：
〃Upon　the　petition　of　Roger　Green；　clarke；　on　the　behalfe　of　himselfe　and
inhabitants　of　Nansemund　river；　It　is　ordered　by　this　present　Grand
Assembly　that　tenn　thousand　acres　of　land　be　granted　unto　one　hundred　such
persons　who　shall　first　seate　on　Moratuck　or　Roanoke　river　and　the　land
lying　upon　the　south　side　of　Choan　river　and　the　ranches　thereof；　Provided
that　such　seaters　settle　advantageously　for　security　and　be　sufficiently
furnished　with　amunition　and　strength　。　。　。　。〃

Green　and　his　men；　well　furnished　presumably　with　firelocks；　bullets；　and
powder…horns；　went　into　this　hinterland。　At　intervals　there　followed　other
hardy　folk。　Quakers；　subject　to　persecution　in　old　Virginia；　fled　into
these　wilds。　The　name　Carolina　grew　to　mean　backwoods；　frontiersman's　land。
Here　were　forest　and　stream；　Indian　and　bear　and　wolf；　blue　waters　of　sound
and　sea；　long　outward　lying　reefs　and　shoals　and　islets；　fertile　soil　and　a
clime　neither　hot　nor　cold。　Slowly　the　people　increased　in　number。　Families
left　settled　Virginia　for　the　wilderness；　men　without　families　came　there
for　reasons　good　and　bad。　Their　cabins；　their　tiny　hamlets　were　far　apart；
they　practised　a　hazardous　agriculture；　they　hunted；　fished；　and　traded
with　the　Indians。　The　isolation　of　these　settlers　bred　or　increased　their
personal　independence；　while　it　robbed　them　of　that　smoothness　to　be　gained
where　the　social　particles　rub　together。　This　part　of　South　Virginia　was
soon　to　be　called　North　Carolina。

Far　down　the　coast　was　Cape　Fear。　In　the　year　of　the　Restoration　a　handful
of　New　England　men　came　here　in　a　ship　and　made　a　settlement　which；　not
prospering；　was　ere　long　abandoned。　But　New　Englanders　traded　still　in
South　Virginia　as　along　other　coasts。　Seafarers；　they　entered　at　this　inlet
and　at　that；　crossed　the　wide　blue　sounds；　and；　anchoring　in　mouths　of
rivers；　purchased　from　the　settlers　their　forest　commodities。　Then　over
they　ran　to　the　West　Indies；　and　got　in　exchange　sugar　and　rum　and
molasses；　with　which　again　they　traded　for　tobacco　in　Carolina；　in
Virginia；　and　in　Maryland。　These　ships　went　often　to　New　Providence　in　the
Bahamas　and　to　Barbados。　There　began；　through　trade　and　other
circumstances；　a　special　connection　between　the　long　coast　line　and　these
islands　that　were　peopled　by　the　English。　The　restored　Kingdom　of　England
had　many　adherents　to　reward。　Land　in　America；　islands　and　main；　formed　the
obvious　Fortunatus's　purse。　As　the　second　Charles　had　divided　Virginia　for
the　benefit　of　Arlington　and　Culpeper；　so　now；　in　1663；　to　〃our　right
trusty　and　right　well…beloved　cousins　and　counsellors；　Edward；　Earl　of
Clarendon；　our　High　Chancellor　of　England；　and　George；　Duke　of　Albemarle；
Master　of　our　Horse　and　CaptainGeneral　of　all　our　Forces；　our　right　trusty
and　well…beloved　William；　Lord　Craven；　John；　Lord　Berkeley；　our　right
trusty　and　well…beloved　counsellor；　Anthony；　Lord　Ashley；　Chancellor　of　our
Exchequer；　Sir　George　Carteret；　Knight　and　Baronet；　ViceChamberlain　of　our
Household；　and　our　trusty　and　well…beloved　Sir　William　Berkeley；　Knight；
and　Sir　John　Colleton；　Knight　and　Baronet；〃　he　gave　South　Virginia；
henceforth　called　the　Carolinas；　a　region　occupying　five　degrees　of
latitude；　and　stretching　indefinitely　from　the　seacoast　toward　the　setting
sun。

This　huge　territory　became；　like　Maryland；　a　province　or　palatinate。　In
Maryland　was　one　Proprietary；　in　Carolina　there　were　eight；　though　for
distinction　the　senior　of　the　eight　was　called　the　Palatine。　As　in　Maryland；
the　Proprietaries　had　princely　rights。　They　owed　allegiance　to　England；　and　a
small　quit…rent　went　to　the　King。　They　were　supposed　to　govern；　in　the　main；
by　English　law　and　to　uphold　the　religion　of　England。　They　were　to　make　laws
at　their　discretion；　with　〃the　advice；　assent；　and　approbation　of　the　freemen；
or　of　their　deputies；　who　were　to　be